.......

Pollution Science 101 -

The Arctic & Antarctic Poles

Editor: Michael Ross

Emergency release

June 17th, 2023

Updated August 8th, 2024)

(Open Edit - Unfinished Edition)

PollutionScience.com

MonsantoInvestigation.com

___________________________________

The Biden Administration has kidnapped reporter Michael James Ross from PollutionScience.com. We need help from the public to stop this illegal arrest of Michael James Ross by the Joe Biden Administration and Democrats. For more information about the illegal arrest of Michael Ross and the multi-million dollar wrongful arrest lawsuit, please view our Book Pollution Science 101 - Florida.

-----------------------------------------

Pollution Science X - Florida - (Pollution Science 101 - Florida)

April 4th, 2024

PollutionScience101Florida.blogspot.com

------------------------------------------

Michael Ross from PollutionScience.com refuses to complete these books until the authorities stop the illegal court trial of Michael James Ross and let Michael Ross go free. These books will remain unfinished as a reminder to the poor treatment of American scientists and journalists under the Biden administration.

-----------------------------------------

Pollution Science 101 - The Arctic

June 17th, 2023

PollutionScience101Arctic.blogspot.com

-------------

Pollution Science 101 - The Antarctic

June 17th, 2023

PollutionScience101Antarctic.blogspot.com

-------------

----------

REE–Th Systematics of the Suspended Particulate Matter and Bottom Sediments from the Mouth Zones of the World Rivers of Different Categories/Classes and Some Large Russian Arctic Rivers

18 April 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0016702919010075

-

Sources and burial fluxes of sedimentary organic carbon in the northern Bering Sea and the northern Chukchi Sea in response to global warming

2019 Apr 26

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31082605/

-

Rates of nitrification and ammonium dynamics in northeastern Chukchi Sea shelf waters

2014

https://www.academia.edu/16095735/Rates_of_nitrification_and_ammonium_dynamics_in_northeastern_Chukchi_Sea_shelf_waters

-

Increases in Benthic Particulate Export and Sedimentary Denitrification in the Northern Chukchi Sea Tied to Under-Ice Primary Production

17 January 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC018110

-

Dissolved and Particulate Phosphorus Distributions and Elemental Stoichiometry Throughout the Chukchi Sea Elemental Stoichiometry Throughout the Chukchi Sea

2015

https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4684&context=etd

-

Variations in the Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Composition of the Crabs Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788) and Hyas coarctatus Leach, 1816 (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the Chukchi Sea

04 April 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S106307401801008X

-

High biomass turnover rates of endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the western Bering Sea

05 July 2022

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lol2.10267?af=R

-

-

Diazotroph community structure and the role of nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle in the Chukchi Sea (western Arctic Ocean)

21 May 2018

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lno.10933

-

High biomass turnover rates of endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the western Bering Sea

05 July 2022

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lol2.10267?af=R

-

-

A potential nitrogen sink discovered in the oxygenated Chukchi Shelf waters of the Arctic

20 September 2017

https://geochemicaltransactions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12932-017-0043-2

-
On the circulation, water mass distribution, and nutrient concentrations of the western Chukchi Sea

2022-01-05

https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1839056

-

Sources and burial fluxes of sedimentary organic carbon in the northern Bering Sea and the northern Chukchi Sea in response to global warming

2019 Apr 26

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31082605/

-

Aspects of the marine nitrogen cycle of the Chukchi Sea shelf and Canada Basin

2015

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064515000387

-

Tritium and plutonium in waters from the Bering and Chukchi Seas

1999

https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20001055

-

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in seawater of the Bering and Chukchi Sea

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749101001348

-

Chiral pesticides in soil and water and exchange with the atmosphere.

08 Feb 2002

https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6009253

-

Legacy contaminants in the eastern Beaufort Sea beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas): are temporal trends reflecting regulations?

12 February 2018

https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/full/10.1139/as-2017-0049

-

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), chlorinated pesticides, and heavy metals and other elements in tissues of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, from Cook Inlet, Alaska.

Jun 22, 2000

https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Concentrations+of+polychlorinated+biphenyls+(PCB%27s)%2C+chlorinated...-a089816667

-

The Human Hunting Tools Hidden In Yukon For 9,000 Years | Secrets From The Ice | Odyssey

Dec 21, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNq_pqUEcb8

-

Abundance and sinking of particulate black carbon in the western Arctic and Subarctic Oceans

15 July 2016

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29959

-

Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

1991

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5222708

-

Organochlorine Pesticides and Enantiomers of Chiral Pesticides in Arctic Ocean Water

August 1998

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002449900370

-

Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) together with sediment properties in the surface sediments of the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin.

2012

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22722002

-

Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

June 16, 2010

https://www.usgs.gov/publications/atmospheric-organochlorine-pollutants-and-air-sea-exchange-hexachlorocyclohexane

-

Monitoring PCBs in polar bears: lessons learned from Svalbard.

11 October 2001

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Monitoring-PCBs-in-polar-bears%3A-lessons-learned-Henriksen-Wiig/8a98351de828359fa86246bf88e98976613148fc

-

Unwelcome travelers: Pesticides in the Arctic

2011

https://www.panna.org/blog/unwelcome-travelers-pesticides-arctic

-

Chlorinated, brominated, and perfluorinated contaminants in livers of polar bears from Alaska

2005

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16382925/

-

Organochlorine Pesticides and Enantiomers of Chiral Pesticides in Arctic Ocean Water

August 1998

Abstract

In the summers of 1993 and 1994, seawater samples from the surface layer (40–60 m) were collected to determine the spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides on expeditions that crossed the Arctic Ocean from the Bering and Chukchi seas to the North Pole, to a station north of Spitsbergen, and then south into the Greenland Sea. Spatial differences in concentration were found that varied with the pesticide. Heptachlor exo-epoxide (a metabolite of heptachlor) and α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) increased from the Chukchi Sea to the pole, and then decreased toward Spitsbergen and Greenland Sea. Chlorinated bornanes (toxaphene) followed a similar trend, but levels were also high near Spitsbergen and in the Greenland Sea. A reverse trend was found for endosulfan, with lower concentrations in the ice-covered regions. Little variation was seen in chlordane concentrations, although the ratio of trans-/cis-chlordane decreased at high latitudes. Several of these pesticides are chiral: α-HCH, cis- and trans-chlordane, and heptachlor exo-epoxide. Enantioselective degradation of (−)α-HCH was found in the Bering and Chukchi seas, whereas the (+) enantiomer was depleted in the Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea. Enrichment of (+) heptachlor exo-epoxide was found in all regions. Trans- and cis-chlordane were nearly racemic.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002449900370

-

Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) together with sediment properties in the surface sediments of the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin

2012 Jun 20

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722002/

-

Researchers Follow Pesticides’ Migration To The Arctic

December 1, 2011

https://cen.acs.org/articles/89/web/2011/12/Researchers-Follow-PesticidesMigration-Arctic.html

-

-

A potential nitrogen sink discovered in the oxygenated Chukchi Shelf waters of the Arctic

20 September 2017

https://geochemicaltransactions.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12932-017-0043-2

-

On the circulation, water mass distribution, and nutrient concentrations of the western Chukchi Sea

2022-01-05

https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1839056

-

Organochlorine Pesticides and Enantiomers of Chiral Pesticides in Arctic Ocean Water

August 1998

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002449900370

-

Unwelcome travelers: Pesticides in the Arctic

Dec 8, 2011

https://www.panna.org/blog/unwelcome-travelers-pesticides-arctic

-

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in seawater of the Bering and Chukchi Sea

2001

Abstract

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the seawater collected in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during the First Chinese Arctic Research Expedition were confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detector (GC-μECD). The average of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs; sum of isomers α-, β-, γ-, δ-) was nearly equal in the Bering Sea (mean concentration 412.7 pg/l) and in the Chukchi Sea (mean concentration 445.8 pg/l), which showed no obvious latitudinal difference of these two regions. Compared with previously reported studies, concentrations of OCPs in these regions were much lower than the levels in the last decades. The ratio of α:γ HCH was 5.0 and 3.4 for the Bering and Chukchi sea, respectively, which indicated the different pesticide composition in these two regions. Many other OCPs with different residue patterns were also found for the first time in the investigation regions. Heptachlor epoxide (in the Bering Sea) and heptachlor (in the Chukchi Sea) were main OCPs contaminants besides HCHs.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749101001348

-

Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

June 16, 2010

https://www.usgs.gov/publications/atmospheric-organochlorine-pollutants-and-air-sea-exchange-hexachlorocyclohexane

-

Organochlorine Pesticides and Enantiomers of Chiral Pesticides in Arctic Ocean Water

August 1998

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002449900370

-

On carbon transport and fate in the East Siberian Arctic land–shelf–atmosphere system

4 January 2012

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015201

-

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in seawater of the Bering and Chukchi Sea

2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11808555/

-

Distribution and sources of rare earth elements in sediments of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965218301725

-

Abundance and distribution of microplastics in the surface sediments from the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas

2018 Nov 2

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415031/

-

Eastward and northward components of ocean current, temperature, salinity and ice analysis collected from industry sponsored moorings in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska from 2008-09-08 to 2016-10-13

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0164964

-

Microplastics abundance and characteristics in surface waters from the Northwest Pacific, the Bering Sea, and the Chukchi Sea

2019

https://www.peeref.com/works/18763348

-

Pre-modern Arctic Ocean circulation from surface sediment neodymium isotopes

04 March 2013

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/grl.50188

-

Seawater-derived neodymium isotope records in the Chukchi Sea, western Arctic Ocean during Holocene: implications for oceanographic circulation

April 2015

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.8776L/abstract

-

Benthic fluxes of trace metals in the Chukchi Sea and their transport into the Arctic Ocean

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304420318301282

-

Separating individual contributions of major Siberian rivers in the Transpolar Drift of the Arctic Ocean

15 April 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86948-y

-

Late Holocene Paleomagnetic Secular Variation in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean

29 April 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GC010187

-

Provenance of terrigenous detritus of the surface sediments in the Bering and Chukchi Seas as derived from Sr and Nd isotopes: Implications for recent climate change in the Arctic regions

2011

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064511002530

-

Microplastics abundance and characteristics in surface waters from the Northwest Pacific, the Bering Sea, and the Chukchi Sea

2019 Apr 23

Microplastics (MPs) in the Arctic Ocean have gained considerable attention due to its ubiquity and impacts within ecosystems. However, little information is available on MPs in the Pacific section of the Arctic Ocean. The present study determined the abundance, distribution, and composition of MPs in surface waters from the Northwestern Pacific, the Bering Sea, and the Chukchi Sea. The MPs abundances varied from 0.018 items/m³ to 0.31 items/m³, with a mean abundance of 0.13 ± 0.11 items/m³. The highest level of MPs was found in the Chukchi Sea. Of all of the detected MPs, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) accounted for the largest proportion of MPs, and fiber was predominant with regard to the total amount. Our results highlighted that the Arctic Ocean is becoming a hotspot for plastic pollution, and the risks posed by MPs need to be paid closer attention in future investigations.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31789166/

-

A spike in central Arctic Ocean radium levels startled scientists — and led to discoveries about how the ocean is rapidly changing

May 15, 2018

In 2007, researchers climbed onto the icebreaker Polarstern and debarked from the northern Norwegian city of Tromsø, which sailed to the central Arctic Ocean. Here, they took samples of the surface water, examining them for a special isotope, radium-228.

Years later, in 2015, a second research team found their own way to the same central Arctic waters, this time on board the American icebreaker Healy,on a similar mission, to test the central Arctic waters for the radium-228 isotope.

Comparing the measurements from 2007 and 2015, the researchers made a startling discovery, recorded in a January article published in the journal Science Advances: the amount of radium-228 had nearly doubled over the last eight years, indicating significant changes are happening along the Arctic coast due to climate change.

Radium-228 is a naturally-occurring isotope that dissolves in water, making it easy for scientists to track its origin, flow and how much is found in the water. It is added to the water when the sea encounters the coastline or continental shelf, the underwater extension of a continent.

“Seeing high levels of radium tells us that the water has recently been in contact with the coast and that’s what makes it a good tracer,” said Lauren Kipp, a graduate student at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and MIT and lead author of the study.

For the study, Kipp and her co-researchers took samples of sea surface water at 69 locations spanning from the southern Chukchi Sea up to the North Pole and looping around through the Canada Basin and the Beaufort Sea.

https://www.arctictoday.com/spike-central-arctic-ocean-radium-levels-startled-scientists-led-discoveries-ocean-rapidly-changing/

-

America's Most 'Toxics-Releasing' Facility Is Not Where You'd Think

February 21, 2018

In 2016 Alaska's Red Dog Mine officially released 756 million pounds of toxic chemicals, and residents in a native village 50 miles away are worried they're being contaminated.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/most-toxic-town-us-kotzebue-alaska-red-dog-mine

-

Benthic fluxes of trace metals in the Chukchi Sea and their transport into the Arctic Ocean

https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/44899/7/Vieira_final%20draft%20with%20figures%20and%20tables.pdf

-

-

2017

Abstract

Seawater samples for the measurements of ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra and stable oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) were collected from the Bering and Chukchi Seas in the summer of 2014. The fractions of meteoric water (f_MW) and sea-ice melted water (f_SIM) were estimated based on the mass balance of salinity and δ¹⁸O with a three end-member mixing model. Our results showed that the average f_MW increased northward from the Bering Basin to the Canada Basin while the f_SIM distributed homogeneously. The lowest f_MW and ²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra)_A.R. values were found in the upper Bering Basin with little terrestrial input. The highest f_MW but low ²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra)_A.R. appeared in the northern Chukchi Sea and the Canada Basin, ascribing to the current-driven accumulation of freshwater and its long residence time. More abundant sea-ice melted water was found on the pack-ice edge, indicating the trap of earlier melted waters by the ice pack. Based upon the linear relationships between ²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra)_A.R. and f_MW in the Bering Shelf and the Chukchi Shelf, the transit time for the Pacific inflow was constrained. The transit time of river water from the Bering Shelf to the Chukchi Shelf was estimated as 0.2–4.4 years with an average of 1.6 ± 1.5 years, while that from the Chukchi Shelf to the Canada Basin was 10.2–13.2 years with an average of 11.8 ± 1.1 years. The spatial variation of the transit time was mainly affected by the current intensity. Our study highlights the importance of in-depth evaluation for the subarctic-arctic exchange.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S007966111730037X

-

Impacts of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Material on Surface Ocean Heating in the Chukchi Sea

2008

https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1292&context=oeas_fac_pubs

-

Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with other environmental factors

2014

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2015/pp/c4pp90035a

---------------------------------------------

Section East Siberian Sea

------

-

Marine seabed litter in Siberian Arctic: A first attempt to assess

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X21008705

-

Distribution and sources of rare earth elements in sediments of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965218301725

-

Powerful methane fountains seen bubbling to surface of Siberian sea

October 08, 2019

https://newatlas.com/environment/powerful-methane-fountains-siberian-sea/

-

Isotope tracing of Siberian river water in the Arctic Ocean

1994

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0265931X94900078

-

Radon concentration in groundwater sources of the Baikal region (East Siberia, Russia)

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883292719302513

-

Distribution and sources of rare earth elements in sediments of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965218301725

-

Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotope variations of authigenic and silicate sediment components from the Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean: Implications for sediment provenance and the source of trace metals in seawater

October 1997

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997GeCoA..61.4181W/abstract

-

Trace metals in surface sediments from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas: Levels, enrichment, contamination assessment, and sources

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X21010316

-

The effect of estuarine system on the meiofauna and nematodes in the East Siberian Sea

29 September 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98641-1

-

-

Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon****

18 April 2016

https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2695

-

Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by Atlantic waters and Siberian rivers

03 February 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00091-0

-

Plastic pollution in the Eurasian Arctic – where does it come from and how does it get there?

Feb 03, 2021

Microplastics have reached the remote areas of the Arctic Ocean, but we have limited knowledge of its distribution, especially the role of rivers. By analyzing the plastic particles in water samples from the Barents Sea to the East-Siberian Sea, we were able to identify their origin.

https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/plastic-pollution-in-the-eurasian-arctic-where-does-it-come-from-and-how-does-it-get-there

-

Trace metals in surface sediments from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas: Levels, enrichment, contamination assessment, and sources

September 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354950836_Trace_metals_in_surface_sediments_from_the_Laptev_and_East_Siberian_Seas_Levels_enrichment_contamination_assessment_and_sources

-

-

-

Pollution of Russian Northern Seas with Heavy Metals: Comparison of Atmospheric Flux and River Flow

24 December 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001433819070119

-

----------------------------

Section laptev sea

Distribution Patterns of Heavy Minerals in Siberian Rivers, the Laptev Sea and the Eastern Arctic Ocean: An Approach to Identify Sources, Transport and Pathways of Terrigenous Matter

1999

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-60134-7_24

-

Trace metals in surface sediments from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas: Levels, enrichment, contamination assessment, and sources

September 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354950836_Trace_metals_in_surface_sediments_from_the_Laptev_and_East_Siberian_Seas_Levels_enrichment_contamination_assessment_and_sources

-

Determination of Depositional Beryllium-10 Fluxes in the Area of the Laptev Sea and Beryllium-10 Concentrations in Water Samples of High Northern Latitudes

1999

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-60134-7_40

-

Dissolved and Particulate Major and Trace Elements in Newly Formed Ice from the Laptev Sea (Transdrift III, October 1995)

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-60134-7_11

-

Major, trace, and rare-earth elements in the zooplankton of the Laptev Sea in relation to community composition

10 June 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-019-05538-8

-

Geochemistry of Surficial and Ice-rafted Sediments from the Laptev Sea (Siberia)

July 1999

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ECSS...49...45H/abstract

-

Methane-Derived Authigenic Carbonates on the Seafloor of the Laptev Sea Shelf

28 July 2021

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.690304/full

-

The Laptev Sea as a source for recent Arctic Ocean salinity change

May 2001

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228603776_The_Laptev_Sea_as_a_source_for_recent_Arctic_Ocean_salinity_change

-

Transport and transformation of riverine neodymium isotope and rare earth element signatures in high latitude estuaries: A case study from the Laptev Sea

November 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319441315_Transport_and_transformation_of_riverine_neodymium_isotope_and_rare_earth_element_signatures_in_high_latitude_estuaries_A_case_study_from_the_Laptev_Sea

-

Possible Causes of Radioactive Contamination in the Laptev Sea

1999

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-60134-7_8

-

Major, trace, and rare-earth elements in the zooplankton of the Laptev Sea in relation to community composition

2019 Jun 10

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31179508/

-

Dissolved Oxygen, Silicon, Phosphorous and Suspended Matter Concentrations During the Spring Breakup of the Lena River

1999

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-60134-7_23

-

Carbon mineralization in Laptev and East Siberian sea shelf and slope sediment

2017

https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/15/471/2018/bg-15-471-2018.pdf

-

Sea 'Boiling' with Methane Discovered in Siberia: 'No One Has Ever Recorded Anything like This Before'

10/8/19

https://www.newsweek.com/methane-boiling-sea-discovered-siberia-1463766

-

The Laptev Sea as a source for recent Arctic Ocean salinity change

May 2001

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228603776_The_Laptev_Sea_as_a_source_for_recent_Arctic_Ocean_salinity_change

-

A Massive Methane Reservoir Is Lurking Beneath the Sea

27 April 2021

Scientists have found a methane reservoir below the permafrost seabed of the Laptev Sea—a reservoir that could suddenly release large amounts of the potent greenhouse gas.

https://eos.org/articles/a-massive-methane-reservoir-is-lurking-beneath-the-sea

------------------

Section Kara sea

--

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278434302001693

-

The Spatial Distribution of Plankton Picocyanobacteria on the Shelf of the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian Seas

26 February 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S0096392519040011

-

Contaminant fluxes in sediment-laden sea ice from the Kara Sea

2000

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.3160&rep=rep1&type=pdf

-

Potential for rapid transport of contaminants from the Kara Sea

1997

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969797001083

-

Radioactive contamination from dumped nuclear waste in the Kara Sea--results from the joint Russian-Norwegian expeditions in 1992-1994.

1997

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/9241886

-

The 17 000 Nuclear Objects Dumped in the Kara Sea

Sept. 2, 2021

https://law-in-action.com/2021/09/14/the-17-000-nuclear-objects-dumped-in-the-kara-sea/

-

Trace contaminant concentrations in the Kara Sea and its adjacent rivers, Russia

2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11763212/

-

The role of river runoff in the Kara Sea surface layer acidification and carbonate system changes

October 2019

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab421e

-

Possible Criticality of Marine Reactiors Dumped in the Kara Sea

May 1997

https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc696292/m2/1/high_res_d/610741.pdf

-

The role of sea ice in the fate of contaminants in the Arctic Ocean: plutonium atom ratios in the Fram Strait

2003

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14620809/

-

Radioactive contamination from dumped nuclear waste in the Kara Sea--results from the joint Russian-Norwegian expeditions in 1992-1994

1997

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9241886/

-

Melting glaciers at Novaya Zemlya contain radiation from nuclear bomb tests

October 09, 2018

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/ecology/2018/10/melting-glaciers-novaya-zemlya-contain-radiation-nuclear-bomb-tests

-

Plutonium in fish, algae, and sediments in the Barents, Petshora and Kara Seas

1997

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004896979700106X

-

Survey of artificial radionuclides in the Kara Sea

2012

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A569683&dswid=4477

-

Trace Contaminant Concentrations in the Kara Sea and its Adjacent Rivers, Russia

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X00002368

-

RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN KARA SEA

1998

https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1068_web.pdf

-

Potential for rapid transport of contaminants from the Kara Sea

1997

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969797001083

-

Russia Announces... Enormous Finds of Radioactive Waste... And Nuclear Reactors in Arctic Seas

28 August 2012

https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_uranium76.htm

-

Trace contaminant concentrations in the Kara Sea and its adjacent rivers, Russia

2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11763212/

-

Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) of the White, Kara and Bering Seas

12 April 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437021010100

-

Environment and biology of the Kara Sea: a general view for contamination studies

2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11601532/

-

Radiological Conditions of the Western Kara Sea: Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Dumping of Radioactive Waste in the Arctic Seas

1999

https://www.osti.gov/biblio/15001861

-

Pollution of the Kara Sea

01 January 2017

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-25582-8_160048

-

Microplastics quantification in surface waters of the Barents, Kara and White Seas

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X20308638

-

Leaking nuclear icebreaker escorted out of ice covered Kara Sea

May 06, 2011

https://barentsobserver.com/en/articles/leaking-nuclear-icebreaker-escorted-out-ice-covered-kara-sea

-

The biogeochemistry of some heavy metals and metalloids in the Ob River estuary-Kara Sea section

October 2010

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Ocgy...50..729D/abstract

-

The Biogeochemistry of Some Heavy Metals and Metalloids in the Ob River Estuary–Kara Sea Section

2010

https://web.whoi.edu/sas2019/wp-content/uploads/sites/130/2019/05/Demina2010_Article_TheBiogeochemistryOfSomeHeavyM.pdf

-

River Outflow to the Kara Sea

2012

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/78829/river-outflow-to-the-kara-sea

-

Persistent organochlorine contaminants in ringed seals ( Phoca hispida ) from the Kara Sea, Russian Arctic

1997

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/persistent-organochlorine-contaminants-in-ringed-seals-phoca-hispida-9q82RHh0R7

-------------------

Section Barents Sea

-

Water mass transformation in the Barents Sea inferred from radiogenic neodymium isotopes, rare earth elements and stable oxygen isotopes

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009254118304972

-

Industrial Pollution in Russia’s Barents Sea Areas

March 10, 2015

https://bellona.org/publication/industrial-pollution-russias-barents-sea-areas

-

"Komsomolets" leaks radioactivity

July 10, 2019

One sample taken from an open ventilation hole of the wreaked Soviet nuclear powered submarine shows levels of about 800 Becquerel per liter.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/ecology/2019/07/komsomolets-leaks-radioactivity-see-unique-video

-

Pelagic vs Coastal-Key Drivers of Pollutant Levels in Barents Sea Polar Bears with Contrasted Space-Use Strategies

2019 Dec 11

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31823610/

-

-

Heavy metals in the atmospheric precipitation on the Barents Sea coast

20 July 2010

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S1068373910050055

-

Norwegian-Russian event: Anthropogenic litter in the Barents Sea - plastic and lost fishing gear

2021

https://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/akvaplan-niva/news/norwegian-russian-event-anthropogenic-litter-in-the-barents-sea-plastic-and-lost-fishing-gear-415379

-

Heavy metals and POPs in red king crab from the Barents Sea

2014 Jul 9

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25149005/

-

Stakeholder Workshop on Marine Litter in the Barents Sea: From sources to solutions

Nov 29, 2021

https://www.uarctic.org/news/2021/11/stakeholder-workshop-on-marine-litter-in-the-barents-sea-from-sources-to-solutions/

-

New Data on the Concentration of Plutonium Isotopes in the Sediments of the Barents Sea

May 2011

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256103530_New_Data_on_the_Concentration_of_Plutonium_Isotopes_in_the_Sediments_of_the_Barents_Sea

-

A baseline study on levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs, non-dioxin-like PCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) from different parts of the Barents Sea

2013 Jul 26

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23896403/

-

Middle Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous glendonites from the eastern Barents Shelf as a tool for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018221003850

-

Understanding source terms of anthropogenic uranium in the Arctic Ocean - First 236 U and 233 U dataset in Barents Sea sediments

2022

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35872206/

-

Fears toxic splash in Barents Sea and Baffin Bay from Russian rocket

October 09, 2017

Inuit in Canada and Greenland are calling on Ottawa and Copenhagen to demand the postponement of a Russian rocket launch scheduled to deliver a European Space Agency satellite to orbit next week and look for alternative launch vehicles that use non-toxic propellants for any future launches.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/ecology/2017/10/fears-toxic-splash-barents-sea-and-baffin-bay-russian-rocket

-

Content of artificial radionuclides in the birds of the Barents Sea and the Sea of Azov

2003

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12854418/

-

[A radiation situation on the Kola Peninsula, Novaia Zemlia, Franz-Josef Land and in the Barents Sea water]

1993

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8358308/

-

Modeling biomagnification and metabolism of contaminants in Harp seals of the Barents Sea

February 2002

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11555174_Modeling_biomagnification_and_metabolism_of_contaminants_in_Harp_seals_of_the_Barents_Sea

-

'Whole' reactors lurk under Barents Sea

13 February 1993

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13718601-500-whole-reactors-lurk-under-barents-sea/

-

Impact of an iron mine and a nickel smelter at the Norwegian/Russian border close to the Barents Sea on surface soil magnetic susceptibility and content of potentially toxic elements

2017 Dec 15

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29253789/

-

Giant methane burps left scars at the bottom of the Barents Sea

6/8/2017

https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/giant-methane-burps-left-scars-at-the-bottom-of-the-barents-sea/

-

Ancient Fault System Feeding Methane to Enormous Craters on Arctic Ocean Seafloor Discovered

6/12/20

https://www.newsweek.com/arctic-sea-methane-craters-fault-system-1510493

-

Kursk submarine disaster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_submarine_disaster

-

Lifting Russia’s accident reactors from the Arctic seafloor will cost nearly €300 million

March 08, 2020

Experts are discussing the framework for safe lifting of dumped reactors from four submarines and uranium fuel from one icebreaker reactor in the Kara Sea, in addition to one sunken nuclear submarine in the Barents Sea.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/ecology/2020/03/lifting-russias-accident-reactors-arctic-seafloor-will-cost-nearly-eu300-million

Russia to Lift Radioactive Time Bombs From Ocean Floor in 2030

Oct. 4, 2021

Two rusty nuclear submarines will be raised from the sea beds of the Barents and Kara Seas and brought to a shipyard for safe decommissioning.

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/04/russia-to-lift-radioactive-time-bombs-from-ocean-floor-in-2030-a75207

-

Tackling dumped nuclear waste gets priority in Russia’s Arctic Council leadership

May 23, 2021

The reactors from the submarines K-11, K-19, and K-140, plus the entire submarine K-27 and spent uranium fuel from one of the old reactors of the Lenin-icebreaker have to be lifted from the seafloor and secured.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/nuclear-safety/2021/05/lifting-nuclear-waste-kara-sea-gets-priority-russias-arctic-council

-

Heavy metals in the atmospheric precipitation on the Barents Sea coast

2010

https://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=6abc3c57d426f0f6bd1c8ad6e28dd80e

-

Fears That the Barents Sea Will Be Filled With Trash

Jan 31 2018

Scientist Geir Wing Gabrielsen has spent every summer for the past 36 years in Svalbard. Today, he fears that the Barents Sea is becoming a garbage dump. – We really need to find out more about this, he says.

https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/fears-barents-sea-will-be-filled-trash

-

Man's Impact on the Barents Sea

1994

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40511662

-

International and regional regulations on vessel source pollution in Barents Sea and Persian Gulf

2014

https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/8359/thesis.pdf;sequence=2

-

Drilling in the Barents Sea Could Lead to Demanding Cooperation Between Norway and Russia

Jun 23 2021

https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/drilling-barents-sea-could-lead-demanding-cooperation-between-norway-and-russia

-

Plastic pollution tendencies of the Barents Sea and adjacent waters under the climate change

September 2018

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328814855_Plastic_pollution_tendencies_of_the_Barents_Sea_and_adjacent_waters_under_the_climate_change

-

Sediment composition and heavy metal distribution in Barents Sea surface samples: results from Institute of Marine Research 2003 and 2004

2008

https://www.ngu.no/en/publikasjon/sediment-composition-and-heavy-metal-distribution-barents-sea-surface-samples-results

-

Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean

August 2019

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334858221_Atmosphere-ocean_exchange_of_heavy_metals_and_polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons_in_the_Russian_Arctic_Ocean

-

Assessment of current natural and anthropogenic radionuclide activity concentrations in the bottom sediments from the Barents Sea

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X20306895

-

Persistent organic pollutants in the Pechora Sea walruses

22 January 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-019-02457-9

-

Decades of piled up nuclear fuel bids farewell to Andreyeva Bay

June 23, 2017

Two decades ago, a green four-car train would make the rounds every few months to Russia’s snowy Kola Peninsula to cart nuclear fuel and radioactive waste more than 3000 kilometers south from the Arctic to the Ural Mountains.

https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2017-06-decades-of-piled-up-nuclear-fuel-bids-farewell-to-andreyeva-bay

-

Selected anthropogenic and natural radioisotopes in the Barents Sea and off the western coast of Svalbard

2013 Sep 17

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24056048/

-

--------------------------------------

Section okhotsk sea

-----

Short-lived 224Ra and 223Ra isotopes in the Anadyr River–Bering Sea system

September 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320129862_Short-lived_224Ra_and_223Ra_isotopes_in_the_Anadyr_River-Bering_Sea_system

-

Determination of plutonium activity concentrations and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in Brown Algae (Fucus distichus) collected from Amchitka Island, Alaska

16 July 2009

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-009-0221-5

-

The Bomb that Cracked an Island

September 27, 2013

Amchitka Island sits at the midway point on the great arc of Alaska’s Aleutian Islands, less than 900 miles across the Bering Sea from the coast of Russia. Amchitka, a spongy landscape of maritime tundra, is one of the most southerly of the Aleutians. The island’s relatively temperate climate has made it one of the Arctic’s most valuable bird sanctuaries, a critical staging ground for more than 100 migratory species, as well as home to walruses, sea otters and sea lions. Off the coast of Amchitka is a thriving fishery of salmon, pollock, haddock and halibut.

All of these values were recognized early on. In 1913, Amchitka was designated as a national wildlife refuge by President William Howard Taft. But these ecological wonders were swept aside in the early ’60s when the Pentagon and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) went on the lookout for a new place to blow up H-bombs. Four decades ago, Amchitka was the site of three large underground nuclear tests, including the most powerful nuclear explosion ever detonated by the United States.

The aftershocks of those blasts are still being felt. Despite claims by the AEC and the Pentagon that the test sites would safely contain the radiation released by the blasts for thousands of years, independent research by Greenpeace and newly released documents from the Department of Energy (DOE) show that the Amchitka tests began to leak almost immediately. Highly radioactive elements and gasses, such as tritium, americium-241 and plutonium, poured out of the collapsed test shafts, leached into the groundwater and worked their way into ponds, creeks and the Bering Sea.

At the same time, thousands of Amchitka laborers and Aleuts living on nearby islands were put in harm’s way. Dozens have died of radiation-linked cancers. The response of the federal government to these disturbing findings has been almost as troublesome as the circumstances surrounding the tests themselves: a consistent pattern of indifference, denial and cover-up continues even today.

There were several factors behind the selection of Amchitka as a test site. One most certainly was the proximity to the Soviet Union. These explosions were meant to send a message. Indeed, the tests were designed to calibrate the performance of the Spartan anti-ballistic missile, built to take out the Soviet nuclear arsenal. Publicly, however, the rationale offered by the AEC and the Defense Department was simply that Amchitka was a remote, and therefore safe, testing ground. “The site was selectedand I underscore the pointbecause of the virtually zero likelihood of any damage,” claimed James Schlesinger, then chairman of the AEC.

What Schlesinger and his cohorts overlooked was the remarkable culture of the Aleuts. Amchitka may have been remote from the continental United States, but for nearly 10,000 years it had been the home of the Aleuts. Indeed, anthropologists believe the islands around Amchitka may be the oldest continuously inhabited area in North America. The Aleuts left Amchitka in the 1880s after Russian fur traders had wiped out the sea otter population, but they continued to inhabit nearby islands and relied on the waters near Amchitka for subsistence. The Aleuts raised forceful objections to the tests, pointing to the risk of radiation leaks, earthquakes and tsunamis that might overwhelm their coastal villages. These concerns were never addressed by the federal government. In fact, the Aleuts were never consulted about the possible dangers at all.

In 1965, the Long Shot test exploded an 80 kiloton bomb. The $10 million test, the first one supervised by the Pentagon and not the AEC, was really a trial run for bigger things to come. But small as it was, there were immediate problems. Despite claims by the Pentagon that the test site would not leak, radioactive tritium and krypton-85 began to seep into freshwater lakes almost instantly. But evidence of radioactivity, collected by Defense Department scientists only three months after the test, was kept secret for five years. The bomb site continues to spill toxins into the environment. In 1993, EPA researchers detected high levels of tritium in groundwater samples taken near the test site.

The contamination from Long Shot didn’t deter the Pentagon bomb-testers. In 1969, the AEC drilled a hole 4,000 feet deep into the rock of Amchitka and set off the Milrow nuclear test. The one megaton blast was 10 times as powerful as Long Shot. The AEC called it a “calibration test” designed to see if Amchitka could withstand a much larger test. The evidence should have convinced them of their dangerous folly. The blast triggered a string of small earthquakes and several massive landslides; knocked water from ponds, rivers and lakes more than 50 feet into the air; and, according to government accounts, “turned the surrounding sea to froth.”

A year later, the AEC and the Pentagon announced their plans for the Cannikin nuclear test. At five megatons, Cannikin was to be the biggest underground nuclear explosion ever conducted by the United States. The blast would be 385 times as powerful as the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Cannikin became a rallying point for native groups, anti-war and anti-nuke activists, and the nascent environmental movement. Indeed, it was opposition to Cannikin by Canadian and American greens, who tried to disrupt the test by taking boats near the island, that sparked the birth of Greenpeace.

A lawsuit was filed in federal court, charging that the test violated the Limited Test Ban Treaty and the newly enacted National Environmental Policy Act. In a 4 to 3 decision, the Supreme Court refused to halt the test. What the Court didn’t know, however, was that six federal agencies, including the departments of State and Interior, and the fledgling EPA, had lodged serious objections to the Cannikin test, ranging from environmental and health concerns to legal and diplomatic problems. Nixon issued an executive order to keep the comments from being released. These documents, known as the Cannikin Papers, came to symbolize the continuing pattern of secrecy and cover-up that typified the nation’s nuclear testing program. Even so, five hours after the ruling was handed down on Nov. 6, 1971, the AEC and the Pentagon pulled the switch, detonating the Cannikin bomb.

In an effort to calm growing public opposition, AEC chief Schlesinger dismissed environmental protesters and the Aleuts as doomsayers, taking his family with him to watch the test. “It’s fun for the kids and my wife is delighted to get away from the house for awhile,” he quipped.

With the Schlesingers looking on, the Cannikin bomb, a 300-foot-long device implanted in a mile-deep hole under Cannikin lake, exploded with the force of an earthquake registering 7.0 on the Richter Scale. The shock of the blast scooped a mile-wide, 60-foot-deep subsidence crater in the ground over the test site and triggered massive rockfalls.

The immediate ecological damage from the blast was staggering. Nearly 1,000 sea otters, a species once hunted to near extinction, were killedtheir skulls crushed by the shockwaves of the explosion. Other marine mammals died when their eyes were blown out of their sockets or when their lungs ruptured. Thousands of birds also perished, their spines snapped and their legs pushed through their bodies. (Neither the Pentagon nor the Fish and Wildlife Service has ever studied the long-term ecological consequences of the Amchitka explosions.) Most worrisome was that a large volume of water from White Alice Creek vanished after the blast. The disappearance of the creek was more than a sign of Cannikin’s horrific power. It was also an indication that the project had gone terribly wrong; the blast ruptured the crust of the earth, sucking the creek into a brand new aquifer, a radioactive one.

In the months following the explosion, blood and urine samples were taken from Aleuts living in the village of Adak on a nearby island. The samples were shown to have abnormally high levels of tritium and cesium-137, both known carcinogens. Despite these alarming findings, the feds never went back to Adak to conduct follow-up medical studies. The Aleuts, who continue their seafaring lifestyle, are particularly vulnerable to radiation-contaminated fish and marine mammals, and radiation that might spread through the Bering Sea, plants and iceflows.

But the Aleuts weren’t the only ones exposed to Cannikin’s radioactive wrath. More than 1,500 workers who helped build the test sites, operate the bomb tests and clean up afterward were also put at risk. The AEC never conducted medical studies on any of these laborers. When the Alaska District Council of Laborers of the AFL-CIO, began looking into the matter in the early ’90s, the DOE claimed that none of the workers had been exposed to radiation. They later were forced to admit that exposure records and dosimeter badges had been lost.

In 1996, two Greenpeace researchers, Pam Miller and Norm Buske, returned to Amchitka. Buske, a physicist, collected water and plant samples from various sites on the island. Despite claims by the DOE that the radiation would be contained, the samples taken by Buske revealed the presence of plutonium and americium-241 in freshwater plants at the edge of the Bering Sea. In other words, Cannikin continues to leak. Both of these radioactive elements are extremely toxic and have half-lives of hundreds of years.

In part because of the report issued by Miller and Buske, a new sense of urgency was lent to the claims of laborers who said they had become sick after working at the Amchitka nuclear site. In 1998, the union commissioned a study by Rosalie Bertell, a former consultant to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (which replaced the AEC). Bertell found that hundreds of Amchitka workers were exposed to ionizing radiation at five times the level then recognized as hazardous. However, the research is complicated by the fact that many of the records from the Amchitka blast remain classified and others were simply tossed away. “The loss of worker exposure records, or the failure to keep such records, was inexcusable,” Bertell says.

One of the driving forces behind the effort to seek justice for the Amchitka workers and the Aleuts is Beverley Aleck. Her husband Nick helped drill the mile-deep pit for the Cannikin test; four years later, he died of myelogenous leukemia, a type of cancer associated with radiation exposure. Aleck, an Aleut, has waged a multi-year battle with the DOE to open the records and to begin a health monitoring program for the Amchitka workers. For more than four decades promised health surveys of the Amchitka workers have languished without funding.

Will the victims of the Amchitka blasts ever get justice? Don’t count on it. For starters, the Aleuts and Amchitka workers are specifically excluded by the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act from receiving medical assistance, death benefits or financial compensation. There is a move to amend this legal loophole, but even that wouldn’t mean the workers and Aleuts would be treated fairly. The DOE has tried repeatedly to stiff arm other cases by either dismissing the link between radiation exposure and cancer or, when that fails, invoking a “sovereignty” doctrine, which claims the agency is immune from civil lawsuits.

Dr. Paul Seligman, former deputy assistant secretary of the DOE’s Office of Health Studies, writes it off as the price of the Cold War. “These were hazardous operations,” Seligman says. “The hazards were well understood, but the priorities at the time were weapons production and the defense of the nation.”

At a time when the mainstream press and Republican politicians are howling over lax security at nuclear weapons sites and Chinese espionage, a more dangerous betrayal of trust is the withholding of test data from the American public. China may use the Los Alamos secrets to upgrade its tiny nuclear arsenal, but the Amchitka explosions already have imperiled a thriving marine ecosystem and caused dozens of lethal cancers.

The continuing cover-up and manipulation of information by the DOE not only denies justice to the victims of Amchitka, but indicates that those living near other DOE sites may be at great risk. “DOE management of the U.S. nuclear weapons complex is of the old school in which bad news is hidden,” says Pamela Miller, now executive director of Alaska Community Action on Toxics. “This conflicts with sound risk management and makes the entire system inherently risky. The overwhelming threat is of an unanticipated catastrophe.”

https://www.counterpunch.org/2013/09/27/the-bomb-that-cracked-an-island/

-

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Pacific salmon from the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Island, Northwest Pacific

August 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351778746_Organochlorine_pesticides_OCPs_and_polychlorinated_biphenyls_PCBs_in_Pacific_salmon_from_the_Kamchatka_Peninsula_and_Sakhalin_Island_Northwest_Pacific

-

High mercury bioaccumulation in Pacific salmons from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea

18 January 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-018-0704-0

-

Bioaccumulation of HCHs and DDTs in organs of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea

2016 May 21

Abstract

Concentrations of isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (α-, β-, γ-HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were assessed in organs of the pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (Oncorhynchus keta), chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), caught near the Kuril Islands (the northern-western part of the Pacific Ocean), in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. Pesticides have been found to accumulate in fish organs in the following: muscles < liver < eggs < male gonads. The highest concentrations in muscles and liver have been recorded from sockeye. Of the DDT group, only DDE has been detected. The average concentration of HCHs + DDE in the muscles of pink, chum, chinook, and sockeye was 141, 125, 1241, 1641 ng/g lipids, respectively; and in the liver, 279, 183, 1305, 3805 ng/g lipids, respectively. The total concentration of HCHs isomers was higher than that of DDE. Average HCHs + DDE concentration in organs of salmon from study area is lower than that in salmon from Pacific coast of North America.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27219293/

-

Current Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Marine Ecosystems of the Russian Far Eastern Seas

08 October 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S199542551906009X

-

Bioindicators of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Western Bering Sea

20 May 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-017-0380-2

-

Mercury in organs of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) from the Bering Sea

2017 Nov 18

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29151185/

-

Murre eggs (Uria aalge and Uria lomvia) as indicators of mercury contamination in the Alaskan marine environment

2005

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16509300/

-

Mercury and methylmercury distribution in tissues of sculpins from the Bering Sea.

2015

https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5283796

-

Persistent organic pollutants in bottom and pelagic fish from the Sea of Okhotsk

2018

https://meetings.pices.int/Publications/Presentations/PICES-2018/MEQ-D1-1650-Lukyanova.pdf

-

-

---------

section other
-

-

-
-
-
-
-

Postdoc position within relative sea level data and databases

24/06/2022

https://www.euraxess.gov.ro/ro/node/804019

-

New data reveals extraordinary global heating in the Arctic

15 Jun 2022

Temperatures in the Barents Sea region are ‘off the scale’ and may affect extreme weather in the US and Europe

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/15/new-data-reveals-extraordinary-global-heating-in-the-arctic

-

'Off the Scale': Warmer Arctic Ocean Fueling Climate Feedback Loop Faster Than Previously Known

2022

"This is one of the scariest reports I have ever seen," said one climate scientist in response to new study.

https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/06/15/scale-warmer-arctic-ocean-fueling-climate-feedback-loop-faster-previously-known

-

Climate Toll on Arctic Bases: Sunken Runways, Damaged Roads

2022

The Pentagon's inspector general's office says U.S. military bases in the Arctic and sub-Arctic are failing to prepare their installations for future climate change as required.

https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022-04-15/climate-toll-on-arctic-bases-sunken-runways-damaged-roads

-

Codify Arctic Refuge Protections, Say Campaigners Amid Big Oil Exodus

June 2, 2022

"We support Congress and the Biden administration taking long-overdue action to... reestablish protections for this crown jewel of our national wildlife refuge system," said one activist.

https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/06/02/codify-arctic-refuge-protections-say-campaigners-amid-big-oil-exodus

-

The Arctic This Week Take Five: Week of May 2, 2022

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-week-take-five-week-may-2-2022/

-

'Arctic Angels' assist with 2022 Colony Glacier recovery efforts

June 22, 2022

https://www.army.mil/article/257814/arctic_angels_assist_with_2022_colony_glacier_recovery_efforts

-

Global freezing? Arctic ice levels reach 30-year HIGH

05/30/2022

https://climatesciencenews.com/2022-05-30-global-freezing-arctic-ice-levels-30-year-high.html

-

Carbon dioxide “has almost nothing to do with climate,” says World Climate Declaration signatory (Controversial)

05/04/2022

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2022/07/01/microbe-discovery-in-arctic-canada-could-help-better-understand-life-on-mars/

-

Heat Waves In Antarctica and the Arctic

March 21, 2022

https://newsforkids.net/articles/2022/03/21/heat-waves-in-antarctica-and-the-arctic/

-

Arctic: Norway does not violate treaty by blocking Russian cargo to Svalbard, says Oslo

6/29/2022

https://newsrnd.com/business/2022-06-29-arctic--norway-does-not-violate-treaty-by-blocking-russian-cargo-to-svalbard--says-oslo.H1WS7oV99c.html

-

Russia accuses Norway of Arctic blockade and threatens reprisals

30/06/2022

https://www.euronews.com/2022/06/29/russia-accuses-norway-of-arctic-blockade-and-threatens-reprisals

-

Melting Arctic Ice Could Transform International Shipping Routes -Study

June 27, 2022

https://www.marinelink.com/news/melting-arctic-ice-transform-497627

-

Biden predicts ‘potential conflict’ between US, Russia over melting Arctic

June 1, 2022

https://nypost.com/2022/06/01/biden-predicts-potential-conflict-between-us-russia-over-melting-arctic/

-

Arctic science crumbles with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine

April 1st 2022

https://www.nationalobserver.com/2022/04/01/news/arctic-science-crumbles-russias-invasion-ukraine

-

Arctic police make sure far north doesn't go too Wild West

June 30, 2022

https://news.kisspr.com/2022/06/30/arctic-police-make-sure-far-north-doesnt-go-too-wild-west_306065.html

-

Trudeau hints Arctic will be part of defence spending increase

April 6th 2022

https://www.nationalobserver.com/2022/04/06/news/trudeau-hints-arctic-defence-spending-increase

-

Early Archean serpentine mud volcanoes at Isua, Greenland, as a niche for early life.

2011

https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/3203773

-

-

Commodities Trader Trafigura Reviews Stake in Russian Arctic Oil Project

2022

https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news-2022-03-02/card/commodities-trader-trafigura-reviews-stake-in-russian-arctic-oil-project-NteH6gXbEgDVW6TIOsqg

-

Arctic sea ice winter peak in 2022 is 10th lowest on record

2022

https://www.carbonbrief.org/arctic-sea-ice-winter-peak-in-2022-is-10th-lowest-on-record/

-

Arctic Methane Threat: Global Warming Increasing Bacterial Methanogenesis & Methane Release

2022

https://countercurrents.org/2022/02/arctic-methane-threat-global-warming-increasing-bacterial-methanogenesis-methane-release/

-

Danish-Canadian deal ends 49-year-old feud over Arctic isle

June 14, 2022

A decades-old dispute between Denmark and Canada over a tiny, barren and uninhabited rock in the Arctic has come to an end

https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/danish-canadian-deal-ends-49-year-feud-arctic-85378448

-

Red alert: Portions of the Arctic are warming much faster than we thought

2022

"What's happening in the far north is off the scale."

https://www.salon.com/2022/06/20/red-alert-portions-of-the-arctic-are-warming-much-faster-than-we-thought_partner/

-

A new Iron Curtain is eroding Norway’s hard-won ties with Russia on Arctic issues

May 2, 2022

https://www.ktoo.org/2022/05/02/russia-norway-nato-arctic-council/

-

If you’re not thinking about the climate impacts of thawing permafrost, (here’s why) you should be

30 January 2022

https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/01/1110722

-

The worst polluters in the Arctic are not what you think

06.05.2022

More than 600 fishing vessels sail the icy waters of the Arctic. But just over two dozen big tankers are the worst offenders when it comes to air pollution in this vulnerable region.

https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2022/05/the-worst-polluters-in-the-arctic-are-not-what-you-think/

-

Sinkholes as big as a skyscraper and as wide as a city street open up in the Arctic seafloor

March 17, 2022

Melting permafrost is causing parts of the seafloor to collapse.

https://www.livescience.com/sinkholes-opening-arctic-seafloor

-

Gray whales are dying along the Pacific coast

March 16, 2022

https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2022/03/climate/gray-whale-pacific-arctic-climate-change/

-

Giant sponge gardens discovered on the peaks of extinct volcanoes under Arctic sea ice

8 Feb 2022

https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2022-02-09/sponge-arctic-ocean-sea-ice-volcanoes/100810816

-

Scientists have found hot spots in the Arctic

July 1, 2022

https://globalenergyprize.org/en/2022/07/01/scientists-have-found-hot-spots-in-the-arctic/

-

Alaska Native news

https://alaska-native-news.com/category/alaskas-arctic/

-

'Major winter storm' to bring Arctic temperatures to millions of Americans

21 February 2022

Forecasters have warned temperatures will drop by up to 30 degrees in some places with some cities seeing a sharp polar plunge in the next 48 hours.

https://news.sky.com/story/major-winter-storm-to-bring-arctic-temperatures-to-millions-of-americans-12547799

-

Arctic sea ice decline

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline

-

Millions locked in a deep freeze as arctic air leads to coldest day since 2019

2019

Wind chills Tuesday morning were as cold as 30 degrees below zero in some spots. Temperatures that cold can lead to frostbite in mere minutes.

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/millions-locked-deep-freeze-arctic-air-leads-coldest-day-2019-rcna11753

-

Study clarifies Arctic impacts on British winters

6 Feb 2022

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/arctic-sea-ice-impacts-on-british-winters

-

Taiwanese arctic research station opens in Norway

2022

https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/06/26/2003780589

-

Both of the planet's poles experience extreme heat, and Antarctica breaks records

March 19, 2022

https://www.npr.org/2022/03/19/1087752486/antarctica-record-heat-arctic

-

-

Italy Halts Funding For $21 Billion Arctic LNG 2 Project

Mar 02, 2022

https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Italy-Halts-Funding-For-21-Billion-Arctic-LNG-2-Project.html

-

Chinese firms ‘told to stop work on Russian Arctic LNG 2 project’ due to EU sanctions

20 May, 2022

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3178572/chinese-firms-told-stop-work-russian-arctic-lng-2-project-due

-

Holes the size of city blocks are forming in the Arctic seafloor

2022

https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/14/world/arctic-seafloor-holes-permafrost-scn/index.html

-

New study solves long-standing mystery of what may have triggered ice age

June 24, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-long-standing-mystery-triggered-ice-age.html

-

Cracking the case of Arctic sea ice breakup

June 1, 2022

A distributed sensor network may help researchers identify the physical processes contributing to diminishing sea ice in the planet’s fastest-warming region.

https://news.mit.edu/2022/cracking-case-arctic-sea-ice-breakup-0601

-

Scientists stunned by ‘unthinkable’ temperature surge in Arctic, Antarctica

March 21, 2022

There has been an “unthinkable” simultaneous surge in temperatures in the Arctic and Antarctic, stunning scientists around the world

https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/massive-temperature-surge-in-arctic-antarctica-stuns-scientists/news-story/66b28bc3e55649b4fc0a0ce4cbb02d62

-

-

Britain to boost military presence in Arctic

March 29, 2022yclutch or kick

https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britain-boost-military-presence-arctic-2022-03-29/

-

Russia Calls Increased NATO Military Activity in the Arctic Worrying, Warns of 'Unintended Incidents'

17 April 2022

https://www.newsmax.com/newsfront/russia-nato-arctic-warning/2022/04/17/id/1066015/

-

Arctic: Moscow accuses Norway of blocking transit to Svalbard, threat of reprisals

6/29/2022

https://newsrnd.com/news/2022-06-29-arctic--moscow-accuses-norway-of-blocking-transit-to-svalbard--threat-of-reprisals.BJZimptc9.html

-

Is It Possible to Continue Cooperating with Russia in the Arctic Council?

June 29, 2022

https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/06/29/is-it-possible-to-continue-cooperating-with-russia-in-the-arctic-council/

-

Sea level rise

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise

-

Experts Head to Arctic to Assess Climate Change Impact Amid Record Heatwave

https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/experts-head-to-arctic-to-assess-climate-change-impact-amid-record-heatwave/ar-AAZ5R41

-

Melting Arctic ice could transform international shipping routes, study finds

June 20, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-06-arctic-ice-international-shipping-routes.html

-

Oceanic lithosphere magnetization: Marine magnetic investigations of crustal accretion and tectonic processes in mid-ocean ridge environments

September 2008

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33548977_Oceanic_lithosphere_magnetization_Marine_magnetic_investigations_of_crustal_accretion_and_tectonic_processes_in_mid-ocean_ridge_environments

-

-

Plate Movement - 200 Million Years Ago to Today

https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/plate_movement__200_million_years_ago_to_today

-

Geomagnetic reversal

https://www.creationwiki.org/Geomagnetic_reversal

-

Earth’s magnetic field broke down 42,000 years ago and caused massive sudden climate change

February 18, 2021

The world experienced a few centuries of apocalyptic conditions 42,000 years ago, triggered by a reversal of the Earth’s magnetic poles combined with changes in the Sun’s behaviour. That’s the key finding of our new multidisciplinary study, published in Science.

This last major geomagnetic reversal triggered a series of dramatic events that have far-reaching consequences for our planet. They read like the plot of a horror movie: the ozone layer was destroyed, electrical storms raged across the tropics, solar winds generated spectacular light shows (auroras), Arctic air poured across North America, ice sheets and glaciers surged and weather patterns shifted violently.

During these events, life on earth was exposed to intense ultraviolet light, Neanderthals and giant animals known as megafauna went extinct, while modern humans sought protection in caves.

https://theconversation.com/earths-magnetic-field-broke-down-42-000-years-ago-and-caused-massive-sudden-climate-change-155580

-

Earth's Magnetic Field and Wandering Poles

March 06, 2019

https://www.livescience.com/64930-earths-magenetic-field.html

-

Does a current reversal also reverse a magnetic field’s polarity?

https://www.quora.com/Does-a-current-reversal-also-reverse-a-magnetic-field%E2%80%99s-polarity?share=1

-

Magnet and Neuron Model Also Predicts Arctic Sea Ice Melt

July 24, 2019

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/magnet-and-neuron-model-also-predicts-arctic-sea-ice-melt/

-

Secret Earth - The Dark Side Of Google Earth

Nov 15, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM_TDWankJc

-

Sedimentation rates in the Makarov Basin, central Arctic Ocean: A paleomagnetic and rock magnetic approach

2001

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/sedimentation-rates-in-the-makarov-basin-central-arctic-ocean-a-D00DSV2hAA

-

Climate Change Has Shifted the Locations of Earth's North and South Poles

May 14, 2013

Increased melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet and other ice losses worldwide have helped to move the North Pole several centimeters east each year since 2005

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-has-shifted-location-north-south-poles/

-

Earth’s last magnetic reversal took less than 100 years

October 16, 2014

https://earthsky.org/earth/earths-magnetic-field-could-flip-within-a-human-lifetime/

-

Predural Depression Structures in the Arctic Urals Magnetic Field

02 February 2019

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-97670-9_45

-

Earth's Magnetosphere: Protecting Our Planet from Harmful Space Energy

August 3, 2021

Unlike Mercury, Venus, and Mars, Earth is surrounded by an immense magnetic field called the magnetosphere. Generated by powerful, dynamic forces at the center of our world, our magnetosphere shields us from erosion of our atmosphere by the solar wind (charged particles our Sun continually spews at us), erosion and particle radiation from coronal mass ejections (massive clouds of energetic and magnetized solar plasma and radiation), and cosmic rays from deep space. Our magnetosphere plays the role of gatekeeper, repelling this unwanted energy that’s harmful to life on Earth, trapping most of it a safe distance from Earth’s surface in twin doughnut-shaped zones called the Van Allen Belts...

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3105/earths-magnetosphere-protecting-our-planet-from-harmful-space-energy/

-

Alfred Wegener’s Continental Drift Hypothesis

Jun 8, 2020

https://geo.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)/02%3A_Plate_Tectonics/2.01%3A_Alfred_Wegeners_Continental_Drift_Hypothesis

-

-

Mid-Ocean Ridges and Mantle Plumes Answer Sheet - Version 2

https://www.coursehero.com/file/154193561/Mid-Ocean-Ridges-and-Mantle-Plumes-Answer-Sheet-Version-2-Taggedpdf/

-

-

Tectonic degassing drove global temperature trends since 20 Ma

30 Jun 2022

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl4353

-

How Do Magnetic Stripes Form on the Ocean Floor?

March 30, 2020

https://www.reference.com/geography/magnetic-stripes-form-ocean-floor-b47cded5a73b2ce8

-

Variability of Sea-Surface Magnetic Anomalies at Ultraslow Spreading Centers: Consequence of Detachment Faulting and Contrasted Magmatism?

31 January 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021GL097276

-

Where does magnetic striping exist?

At the mid-ocean ridge spreading axis, these flips in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field are recorded in the magnetization of the lava. This creates a symmetrical pattern of magnetic stripes of opposite polarity on either side of mid-ocean ridges.

Where does magnetic striping occur?

Magnetic Striping is when the sea floor is spreading, and magma from the mantle is rising through the Earth's crust. That magma then turns into new crust, forming the "Oceanic Crust".

Where can magnetic anomalies be found?

As new crust is produced in Earth's mid-oceanic ridges and the seafloor spreads, they move in recognizable, stripe-like patterns. You can also spot magnetic anomalies—places with unusually high amounts of magnetism—on the map. One such anomaly is in the Central African Republic.

https://scottick.firesidegrillandbar.com/where-does-magnetic-striping-exist

-

Magnetic anomaly map of Ori Massif and its implications for oceanic plateau formation

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X18304953

-

Magnetometers revealed that the basalt rocks along the mid-ocean ridges are aligned in alternating, symmetrical patters. Which factors are responsible for this orientation?

2018

https://brainly.com/question/10623762

-

Magnetic Anomalies over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 27{degrees}N

1967

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17792827/

-

Steadying Mid-Ocean Ridge Spreading Rates

4 September 2020

Researchers used an up-to-date global magnetic anomaly data set to track the history of magnetic field reversals and obtain more accurate estimates of tectonic spreading rates.

https://eos.org/research-spotlights/steadying-mid-ocean-ridge-spreading-rates

-

Magnetic Reversals and Moving Continents

https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/earthmag/reversal.htm

-

A Late Cretaceous-Eocene Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale (MQSD20) That Steadies Spreading Rates on Multiple Mid-Ocean Ridge Flanks

11 July 2020

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020JB020034

-

Magnetic and Gravimetric Anomaly Maps of the Arctic

2010

https://ccgm.org/en/home/227-magnetic-and-gravimetric-anomaly-maps-of-the-arctic-pdf-9782917310335.html

-

Mid-Oceanic Ridges

http://www.grandunification.com/hypertext/Mid_Oceanic_Ridges.html

-

Arctic experiences second warmest year since 1900

2020

https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2020/12/08/Arctic-experiences-second-warmest-year-since-1900/6631607455748/

-

The polar cap magnetic activity indices in the southern (PCS) and northern (PCN) polar caps: Consistency and discrepancy

2002

http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/public/rmcpherr/MagneticIndices/PCIndex/PolarCapIndex/Lukiannova2002GL015179.pdf

-

Magnetism

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism

-

Ancient Tree With Record of Earth's Magnetic Field Reversal in Its Rings Discovered

7/4/19

https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-tree-discovered-earths-magnetic-field-1447570

-

True Polar Shift? Wandering magnetic pole could point to unsettled Earth core

January 15, 2019

https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/climate-change/true-polar-shift-wandering-magnetic-pole-could-point-to-unsettled-earth-core/news-story/282db94d50aba6ed1be25df04f383f2f

-

Earth's fast-moving magnetic north pole is messing with navigation

February 4, 2019

An update on true north had to come ahead of schedule.

https://www.engadget.com/2019-02-04-magnetic-north-pole-movement-affects-navigation.html

-

Arctic–Antarctic asymmetry of the ionospheric weather***

Highlights

•

    Emergence of the single-sign (SS) conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic zones.
•

    SS reach 50% at summer due to reduced magnetosphere shielding the solar wind.
•

    Winter perturbations are larger because SS zeros reduce daily indices at summer.
•

    Dominant WUN and WLN over WUS and WLS for December reversed towards June solstice.***************

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117722003696

-

Polar express: magnetic north pole speeds towards Russia

3019

Surge affects navigation and is believed to be caused by a ‘jet’ stream in Earth’s liquid outer core

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/05/magnetic-north-pole-moving-pretty-fast-towards-russia

-

Lithospheric Magnetic Anomalies of the Eastern Part of the Arctic Ocean as Images of Tectonic Structures

2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001433821090371

-

Magnetic field in the Arctic regions

2020-10-21

https://geomag.nrcan.gc.ca/mag_fld/arctics-en.php

-

North magnetic pole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_magnetic_pole

-

Volcanic activity sparks the Arctic Oscillation

04 August 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94935-6

-

James Clark Ross and the Discovery of the Magnetic North Pole

2019

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/james-clark-ross-and-discovery-magnetic-north-pole

-

Oceanic lithosphere magnetization : marine magnetic investigations of crustal accretion and tectonic processes in mid-ocean ridge environments

2007

https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/2031?show=full

-

Probing the Age of the Oldest Ocean Crust in the Pacific

5 April 2021

A new study extends the calibration of the Mesozoic Sequence down to the Mid Jurassic with multiscale marine magnetic anomaly data, demonstrating extraordinarily high reversal frequency.

https://eos.org/editor-highlights/probing-the-age-of-the-oldest-ocean-crust-in-the-pacific

-

Magnetic Anomalies and Calculating Spreading Rates

2001

https://fog.ccsf.edu/kwiese/content/Classes/MagneticAnomalies.pdf

-

Oceanic plateau formation by seafloor spreading implied by Tamu Massif magnetic anomalies

08 July 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0390-y

-

Is it true that Earth's magnetic field occasionally reverses its polarity?

https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/it-true-earths-magnetic-field-occasionally-reverses-its-polarity

-

A global survey of marine magnetic anomalies to constrain the Late Cretaceous- Eocene time scale

Date: September 2015 - August 2019

https://people.climate.columbia.edu/projects/view/32

-

What Is Normal Polarity?

April 05, 2020

https://www.reference.com/science/normal-polarity-5319407db68a91e0

-

Geomagnetic reversal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal

A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged (not to be confused with geographic north and geographic south). The Earth's field has alternated between periods of normal polarity, in which the predominant direction of the field was the same as the present direction, and reverse polarity, in which it was the opposite. These periods are called chrons.

Reversal occurrences are statistically random. There have been 183 reversals over the last 83 million years (on average once every ~450,000 years). The latest, the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago, with widely varying estimates of how quickly it happened. Other sources estimate that the time that it takes for a reversal to complete is on average around 7,000 years for the four most recent reversals. Clement (2004) suggests that this duration is dependent on latitude, with shorter durations at low latitudes, and longer durations at mid and high latitudes. Although variable, the duration of a full reversal is typically between 2,000 and 12,000 years.

Although there have been periods in which the field reversed globally (such as the Laschamp excursion) for several hundred years, these events are classified as excursions rather than full geomagnetic reversals. Stable polarity chrons often show large, rapid directional excursions, which occur more often than reversals, and could be seen as failed reversals. During such an excursion, the field reverses in the liquid outer core, but not in the solid inner core. Diffusion in the liquid outer core is on timescales of 500 years or less, while that of the solid inner core is longer, around 3,000 years.

-

Magnetic Polarity of Pillow Basalts from Reykjanes Ridge

1969

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1728072

-

‘Aerosols should mean more warming in the south’–More North. Hemisphere warming is well-understood

Nov 21, 2006

Objection: Scientists claim that global warming from greenhouse gases is being countered somewhat by global dimming from aerosol pollution. They even claim that aerosol pollution caused the cooling in the mid-century. But GHGs are evenly mixed around the globe, while aerosols are disproportionately concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere. It follows that warming should be greater in the Southern Hemisphere -- but that's the opposite of what is happening. Clearly climate scientists do not know what is really going on...

https://grist.org/article/aerosols-should-mean-more-warming-in-the-south/

-

Dimethyl sulfide and its role in aerosol formation and growth in the Arctic summer – a modelling study

2019

https://doaj.org/article/ce1b8fd0a05f414e8d58abda02260d03

-

Wildfires Are Fueling a Dangerous Feedback Loop of Arctic Warming

3/18/22

Brown carbon released by fires is ending up in the Arctic and absorbing sunlight, a study found.

https://gizmodo.com/wildfires-are-fueling-a-dangerous-feedback-loop-of-arct-1848667999

-

CLOUD at CERN reveals the role of iodine acids in atmospheric aerosol formation

5 February, 2021

The results suggest a new mechanism that could accelerate the loss of Arctic sea ice

https://home.cern/news/news/experiments/cloud-cern-reveals-role-iodine-acids-atmospheric-aerosol-formation

-

Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (technology briefing)

https://www.geoengineeringmonitor.org/2021/02/stratospheric_aerosol_injection/

-

Controversial spraying method aims to curb global warming

November 23, 2018

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/geoengineering-treatment-stratospheric-aerosol-injection-climate-change-study-today-2018-11-23/

-

Solid Aerosols Found in the Arctic Can Affect the Cloud and Climate Formation: New Study

Mar 29, 2022

https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/50136/20220329/solid-aerosols-found-arctic-affect-cloud-climate-formation-according-study.htm

-

Annual distributions and sources of Arctic aerosol components, aerosol optical depth, and aerosol absorption

2014

https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/1628/

-

New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic

https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_3029769

-

A North American Arctic aerosol climatology using ground-based sunphotometry.

2002

https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+North+American+Arctic+aerosol+climatology+using+ground-based...-a092746499

-

Aerosol optical properties over the Svalbard region of Arctic: ground-based measurements and satellite remote sensing

2016

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/spie/aerosol-optical-properties-over-the-svalbard-region-of-arctic-ground-erfbqxtnzJ

-

Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation

2005

(ASTAR) 2000: Arctic haze case study

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/tellusb.v57i2.16784

-

Absorption instruments inter-comparison campaign at the Arctic Pallas station

2021

https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/5397/2021/

-

Aethalometer Measurements of Equivalent Black Carbon in the Arctic

23 April 2013

https://psl.noaa.gov/iasoa/node/81

-

Decadal increase in Arctic dimethylsulfide emission

September 9, 2019

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1904378116

-

Solid aerosols found in Arctic atmosphere could impact cloud formation

Mar 30, 2022

https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Solid_aerosols_found_in_Arctic_atmosphere_could_impact_cloud_formation_and_climate_999.html

-

Elucidating the Role of Anthropogenic Aerosols in Arctic Sea Ice Variations

01 Jan 2018

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/31/1/jcli-d-17-0287.1.xml

-

Stratospheric aerosol injection

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_aerosol_injection

-

Scientists map Arctic aerosols to better understand regional warming

1 March 2022

https://www.psi.ch/en/media/our-research/scientists-map-arctic-aerosols

-

Sulfur aerosols in the Arctic, Antarctic, and Tibetan Plateau: Current knowledge and future perspectives

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825221002543

-

Black carbon aerosols heating Arctic: Large contribution from mid-latitude biomass burning

2021

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2021/11/05/black-carbon-aerosols-heating-arctic-large-contribution-from-mid-latitude-biomass-burning/

-

Aerosol black carbon over Svalbard regions of Arctic

2015

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965215300189

-

Aerosols in current and future Arctic climate

1 February 2021

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Aerosols-in-current-and-future-Arctic-climate-Schmale-Zieger/8d0e6838571a85dae468fc864f4e6e78e9c9b709

-

Annual cycle observations of aerosols capable of ice formation in central Arctic clouds

20 June 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31182-x

-

Solid aerosols found in Arctic atmosphere could impact cloud formation and climate

March 28, 2022

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220328165339.htm

-

A characterization of Arctic aerosols on the basis of aerosol optical depth and black carbon measurements

June 10 2014

https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/doi/10.12952/journal.elementa.000027/112941/A-characterization-of-Arctic-aerosols-on-the-basis

-

Molecular markers of biomass burning in arctic aerosols

2013 Jul 16

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808421/

-

Modeling of observed mineral dust aerosols in the arctic and the impact on winter season low-level clouds

2013

https://www.academia.edu/82301125/Modeling_of_observed_mineral_dust_aerosols_in_the_arctic_and_the_impact_on_winter_season_low_level_clouds

-

Non-ignorable contribution of anthropogenic source to aerosols in Arctic Ocean

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001393512100832X

-

Black carbon aerosols heating Arctic: Large contribution from mid-latitude biomass burning

4-Nov-2021

The year-to-year spring variation in Arctic black carbon (BC) aerosol abundance is strongly correlated with biomass burning in the mid-latitudes. Moreover, current models underestimate the contribution of BC from biomass burning by a factor of three.

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/933667

-

Chemical and geochemical composition of spring-summer Arctic aerosol collected at Ny Alesund, Svalbard Islands

2017

https://www.academia.edu/80533056/Chemical_and_geochemical_composition_of_spring_summer_Arctic_aerosol_collected_at_Ny_Alesund_Svalbard_Islands

-

Solid Aerosols Found in Arctic Atmosphere Could Impact Cloud Formation and Climate

29 March 2022

https://www.enn.com/articles/70007-solid-aerosols-found-in-arctic-atmosphere-could-impact-cloud-formation-and-climate

-

Solid aerosols found in Arctic atmosphere could impact cloud formation and climate

2022

https://article.wn.com/view/2022/03/29/Solid_aerosols_found_in_Arctic_atmosphere_could_impact_cloud_s/

-

New research aerosol stations in the Russian Arctic

2019

https://peexhq.home.blog/2019/12/11/new-research-aerosol-stations-in-the-russian-arctic/

-

Arctic Exploration Timeline

https://americanpolar.org/about/arctic-exploration-timeline/

-

Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review

2017

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001074217314171

-

Fluorescence characteristics of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosol

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749120365957

-

Aerosol remote sensing in polar regions

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825214001913

-

Brown carbon in the cryosphere: Current knowledge and perspective

2016

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674927816300302

-

Levoglucosan as a tracer of biomass burning: Recent progress and perspectives

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809518311098

-

Global Transport of Anthropogenic Contaminants and the Consequences for the Arctic Marine Ecosystem

1999

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X99000417

-

Role of organic acids (formic, acetic, pyruvic and oxalic) in the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN): a review

2000

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809500000375

-

Chapter 5 - Characterization of Mixed-Phase Clouds: Contributions From the Field Campaigns and Ground Based Networks

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128105498000052

-

Role of organic acids (formic, acetic, pyruvic and oxalic) in the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN): a review

2000

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809500000375

-

Chapter 16 - Optical properties of brown carbon in aerosols and surface snow at Ny-Ålesund during the polar summer

2021

This study reports the characterization of optical properties of Arctic aerosol and surface snow collected at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard during the polar summer. Methanol-soluble brown carbon (BrC) extracts showed higher absorption coefficients at 300 nm compared to water-soluble BrC and also exhibited a tail of absorption toward higher wavelengths due to the presence of polyconjugated and/or nitroaromatic systems. Fluorescence spectra for water extract for air and snow samples showed peaks at ~340 nm indicating the presence of protein-like fluorophores, possibly from sea-to-air emission of marine organics and secondary formation of aerosols. Air mass back trajectories also suggested the potential contribution of forest fires from Alaska and Russia to BrC aerosol in the Arctic.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128228692000220

-

Arctic Aerosols

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/arctic-aerosols

-

Black carbon aerosols heating the Arctic: Large contribution from mid-latitude biomass burning

November 4, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-11-black-carbon-aerosols-arctic-large.html

-

Modelling wintertime Arctic Haze and sea-spray aerosols

2022

https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-310/

-

Aerosols May Drive a Significant Portion of Arctic Warming

2009

https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/warming_aerosols.html

-

How do we know the age of the seafloor?

https://www.earthobservatory.sg/earth-science-education/earth-science-faqs/geology-and-tectonics/how-do-we-know-the-age-of-the-seafloor

-

Earth's Inconstant Magnetic Field

2003

Our planet's magnetic field is in a constant state of change, say researchers who are beginning to understand how it behaves and why.

https://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/29dec_magneticfield.html

-

https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-magnetic-polarity.htm

-

Giant caldera in the Arctic Ocean: Evidence of the catastrophic eruptive event

10 April 2017

Abstract

A giant caldera located in the eastern segment of the Gakkel Ridge could be firstly seen on the bathymetric map of the Arctic Ocean published in 1999. In 2014, seismic and multibeam echosounding data were acquired at the location. The caldera is 80 km long, 40 km wide and 1.2 km deep. The total volume of ejected volcanic material is estimated as no less than 3000 km³ placing it into the same category with the largest Quaternary calderas (Yellowstone and Toba). Time of the eruption is estimated as ~1.1 Ma. Thin layers of the volcanic material related to the eruption had been identified in sedimentary cores located about 1000 km away from the Gakkel Ridge. The Gakkel Ridge Caldera is the single example of a supervolcano in the rift zone of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge System.

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep46248

-

Advanced geophysical studies of accretion of oceanic lithosphere in Mid-Ocean Ridges characterized by contrasting tectono-magmatic settings

2012

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/70780

-

Magnetic Reversals and Sea-Floor Spreading

2016

https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/cobblearning.net/dist/5/1748/files/2016/01/Restless-Continents-Pg-4-1kehi97.pdf

-

Russia's Hephaestus mud volcano erupts chucking muck hundreds of meters (VIDEO)

25 Feb 2018

https://www.sott.net/article/378402-Russias-Hephaestus-mud-volcano-erupts-chucking-muck-hundreds-of-meters-VIDEO

-

Discovery of novel cold-active antifungals from polar bacteria isolated from the Canadian high arctic that are active against major spoilage fungi in the cheese industry

August 2021

https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/rv0430112

-

Determining polar ionospheric electrojet currents from Swarm satellite constellation magnetic data

05 August 2016

https://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40623-016-0509-y

-

Lithospheric Magnetic Anomalies of the Eastern Part of the Arctic Ocean as Images of Tectonic Structures

December 2021

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021IzAOP..57.1021A/abstract

-

Earth actually has Four north Poles

2020

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/earth-actually-has-four-north-poles

-

Volcanic Eruptions May Be Rapidly Melting Arctic Ice Sheets, Study Says

October 26, 2017

https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2017-10-25-arctic-sea-ice-volcanic-eruption-trigger-melting

-

Deep-biosphere methane production stimulated by geofluids in the Nankai accretionary complex

13 Jun 2018

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao4631

-

A Manmade Volcano over Norilsk

July 12, 2017

In global satellite observations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), several sources of the polluting gas stand out. Dozens of volcanoes spit out plumes of it during explosive and effusive eruptions; the gas also seeps more or less continuously from dozens of other volcanoes that are not actively erupting in a process scientists call passive degassing. And nearly 300 coal-fired powered plants, dozens of gas and oil sites, and more than 50 smelting facilities emit streams of sulfur dioxide large enough to be detected from space.

But of all the manmade (anthropogenic) sources, one location really sticks out: Norilsk. This industrial city of 175,000 people in northern Siberia has several mines that tap into one of the largest nickel, copper, platinum, and palladium deposits on Earth. And all of the smelting—the extraction of usable metal from ore by grinding it up and melting it—that happens there has made it into one of the largest sources of sulfur dioxide detectable by satellites.

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92246/a-manmade-volcano-over-norilsk

-

Methane seep community of the Håkon Mosby mud volcano (the Norwegian Sea): composition and trophic aspects

19 Oct 2011

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00364820310003190?journalCode=ssar20

-

Ocean floor mud reveals secrets of past European climate

2017

https://phys.org/news/2017-11-ocean-floor-mud-reveals-secrets.html

-

On the Role of Climate Forcing by Volcanic Sulphate and Volcanic Ash

2014

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2014/340123/

-

Q&A: What happens when a volcano beneath a glacier erupts?

October 11, 2016

Scientists studying Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano took a close look

https://beta.nsf.gov/news/qa-what-happens-when-volcano-beneath-glacier-erupts

-

Hydrothermal Underwater Volcanoes and Bacteria iron, sulfur, methane eating bacteria

http://volcanoexperience.com/hydrothermal.html

-

Geomechanical characterization of mud volcanoes using P-wave velocity datasets

2022

https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/47102441/Accepted_Paper.pdf

-

Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as a methane sink

2006

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/14471/

-

Early Archean serpentine mud volcanoes at Isua, Greenland, as a niche for early life

2011

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41352570

-

Methane cold seeps as biological oases in the high-Arctic deep sea

27 October 2017

Abstract

Cold seeps can support unique faunal communities via chemosynthetic interactions fueled by seabed emissions of hydrocarbons. Additionally, cold seeps can enhance habitat complexity at the deep seafloor through the accretion of methane derived authigenic carbonates (MDAC). We examined infaunal and megafaunal community structure at high-Arctic cold seeps through analyses of benthic samples and seafloor photographs from pockmarks exhibiting highly elevated methane concentrations in sediments and the water column at Vestnesa Ridge (VR), Svalbard (79° N). Infaunal biomass and abundance were five times higher, species richness was 2.5 times higher and diversity was 1.5 times higher at methane-rich Vestnesa compared to a nearby control region. Seabed photos reveal different faunal associations inside, at the edge, and outside Vestnesa pockmarks. Brittle stars were the most common megafauna occurring on the soft bottom plains outside pockmarks. Microbial mats, chemosymbiotic siboglinid worms, and carbonate outcrops were prominent features inside the pockmarks, and high trophic-level predators aggregated around these features. Our faunal data, visual observations, and measurements of sediment characteristics indicate that methane is a key environmental driver of the biological system at VR. We suggest that chemoautotrophic production enhances infaunal diversity, abundance, and biomass at the seep while MDAC create a heterogeneous deep-sea habitat leading to aggregation of heterotrophic, conventional megafauna. Through this combination of rich infaunal and megafaunal associations, the cold seeps of VR are benthic oases compared to the surrounding high-Arctic deep sea.

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lno.10732

-

Endosymbioses between bacteria and deep-sea siboglinid tubeworms from an Arctic Cold Seep (Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents Sea).

14 Aug 2008,

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18707616

-

Active mud volcanoes on the continental slope of the Canadian Beaufort Sea

2015

https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/30718/1/Paull_et_al-2015-Geochemistry,_Geophysics,_Geosystems.pdf

-

Early Archean serpentine mud volcanoes at Isua, Greenland, as a niche for early life

2011

https://www.academia.edu/48720378/Early_Archean_serpentine_mud_volcanoes_at_Isua_Greenland_as_a_niche_for_early_life

-

The small-sized benthic biota of the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (SW Barents Sea slope)

2005

https://www.academia.edu/6765070/The_small_sized_benthic_biota_of_the_H%C3%A5kon_Mosby_Mud_Volcano_SW_Barents_Sea_slope

-

Fate of vent-derived methane in seawater above the Håkon Mosby mud volcano (Norwegian Sea)

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304420303000318

-

Distinct methane-dependent biogeochemical states in Arctic seafloor gas hydrate mounds

2021 Nov 2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8563959/

-

Cold Seeps in a Warming Arctic: Insights for Benthic Ecology

2020

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00244/full

-

Discriminative biogeochemical signatures of methanotrophs in different chemosynthetic habitats at an active mud volcano in the Canadian Beaufort Sea

26 November 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53950-4

-

Distinct methane-dependent biogeochemical states in Arctic seafloor gas hydrate mounds

02 November 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26549-5

-

Unlocking the mysteries of the Arctic seafloor

2021

https://www.mbari.org/unlocking-the-mysteries-of-the-arctic-seafloor/

-

Methane Eating Bacteria Found in Icy Arctic Water

Oct 20, 2006

https://news.softpedia.com/news/Methane-Eating-Bacteria-Found-in-the-Icy-Arctic-Water-38414.shtml

-

More Methane from the Deep Sea: Mud volcanoes as methane source

November 11, 2014

The mud volcano Haakon Mosby in the Barents Sea near Norway annually emits several hundred tons of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. But do mud volcanoes like Haakon Mosby emit gas and mud continuously or do their emissions come from episodic eruptions?

A study by a research team, coordinated by the Max-Planck-Institute in Bremen, reports on the results of a long-term observatory in NATURE Communications. Over 431 days, they collected data on temperature, pressure and pH together with imagery of 25 eruptions of mud and gas. Some of these eruptions were so violent that the seabed topography was profoundly changed. They calculated that the mud volcano may emit 10 times more methane than previously assumed.

There are over 1000 known mud volcanoes on land, and a growing number, such as the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, are found in the sea, between 200 and 4000 meters depth. Scientists estimated that submarine volcanoes emit 27 million tons of methane—about 5 percent of the global emission. This may be an underestimation, as not all volcanoes are known and because they are not monitored by long-term observatories.

https://www.whoi.edu/press-room/news-tip/more-methane-from-the-deep-sea-mud-volcanos-as-methane-source/

-

Meiobenthos at the Arctic Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano, with a parental-caring nematode thriving in sulphide-rich sediments

2006

https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v321/p143-155/

-

Pingo-like features and mud volcanoes on the eastern Mackenzie Shelf

September 12, 2017

Over the last few days we conducted three remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives and two autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) surveys at areas of geologic interest on the eastern Mackenzie Shelf that are called pingo-like features (PLFs) and mud volcanoes.

On the adjacent land of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula approximately 1,350 pingos are known to occur. Pingos are round-to-oval, mound-shaped features that form on land when fresh water enters the near-surface sediments in summer and then freezes in winter. As the ice forms, physical expansion occurs and pushes up the sediment layers above it creating the pingo.

Pingo-like features found on the seafloor are circular mounds that come up like haystacks from the seafloor and they superficially resemble pingos found on land. The underwater PLFs were first discovered in this area in 1969 and were investigated as a potential hazard to navigation. Since then, thousands of PLFs have been identified along the continental shelf/slope and only a handful have been studied in detail to understand how they form. One of the goals of this trip is to try to understand whether the marine PLFs and the terrestrial pingos are actually similar features and formed under similar processes...

https://www.mbari.org/canadian-arctic-2017-sep-12/

-

Bacterial endosymbiont of Oligobrachia sp. (Frenulata) from an active mud volcano in the Canadian Beaufort Sea

13 November 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-019-02599-w

-

Effects of climate change on methane emissions from seafloor sediments in the Arctic Ocean: A review

17 May 2016

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lno.10307

-

Nematode species distribution patterns at the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (Norwegian Sea)

2010

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/nematode-species-distribution-patterns-at-the-h-kon-mosby-mud-volcano-JVSPQVWwWi

-

Meiobenthos at the Arctic Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano with a parental caring nematode thriving in sulfide-rich sediments

September 2006

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232251266_Meiobenthos_at_the_Arctic_Hakon_Mosby_Mud_Volcano_with_a_parental_caring_nematode_thriving_in_sulfide-rich_sediments

-

Endosymbioses between bacteria and deep-sea siboglinid tubeworms from an Arctic Cold Seep (Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents Sea).

2008

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18707616

-

Methane Devourer Discovered In The Arctic

October 20, 2006

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/10/061019100814.htm

-

Research at the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano

2006

https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Research-at-the-Haakon-Mosby-Mud-Volcano.html

-

-

Million-year-old Arctic sedimentary record sheds light on climate mystery

April 16, 2022

https://www.geologypage.com/2022/04/million-year-old-arctic-sedimentary-record-sheds-light-on-climate-mystery.html

-

Discovery of a black smoker vent field and vent fauna at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge

23 November 2010

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1124/

-

The "Unstable" West Antarctic Ice Sheet: A Primer

May 12, 2014

https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/news/antarctic-ice-sheet-20140512/

-

-

1111111111111111111111111111111111111

-

-

Undersea Cable Connecting Norway With Arctic Satellite Station Has Been Mysteriously Severed

Jan 10, 2022

https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43828/undersea-cable-connecting-norway-with-arctic-satellite-station-has-been-mysteriously-severed

-

Arctic Sea Ice Is Growing Faster Than Before, But There's A Catch

Dec 10, 2018

A recent study by NASA found that sea ice is growing faster during the winter months today than it did decades ago. This increased growth of sea ice has helped to slow down the overall reduction in Arctic sea ice and delayed an ice-free Arctic.

NASA makes sure to clearly note that this doesn't mean climate change isn't taking place, that our planet is not warming and that the overall amount of sea ice isn't declining in the Arctic.

Temperatures in the Arctic have warmed much faster than temperatures in tropical locations. The doubled rate of warming has led to increasingly smaller sea ice extents during Arctic summer months and an overall reduction in sea ice.

The graph above by NASA shows an average 12.8 percent decline in average September sea ice extent, with the rate of decline increasing since the 1990s.

So how can it be that sea ice is declining in the Arctic but wintertime growth is increasing? The story lies in the magnitudes of both changes. While the Arctic sea ice is growing faster and higher during the winter months, it is more than offset by the melting in the summer months. So what we've seen is that the increased rate of sea ice growth in the winter helps to mitigate the melting during the summer. However, ultimately the warming summer temperatures continue to overall reduce the extent of sea ice.

Over the past few decades, sea ice across the Arctic Ocean has gotten smaller and thinner. Compared to the 1980s, today's end-of-summer Arctic sea ice extent is about half. Since 1958, Arctic sea ice lost about two-thirds of its thickness, with nearly three-quarters of Arctic sea ice forming and melting each year.

The NASA research team found that in the 1980s, sea ice on average in the Arctic was 6.6 feet thick in October. From there, on average 3.3 more feet of sea ice would form through the winter. Comparing that to today, where average sea ice in the Arctic is 3.3 feet thick in October but will grow on average 5 feet more of sea ice through the winter. Hence, the combined sea ice thickness in the 1980s was 9.9 feet thick, compared to 8.3 feet thick today.

The negative feedback of increasing rate of wintertime sea ice growth will help slow down the overall decline in Arctic sea ice. However, the seemingly inevitable ice-free Arctic will win out in the end, adds NASA.

Another positive factor of the increased growth in wintertime Arctic sea ice is the impact it has on global circulation. While global ocean circulation continues to slow down, increased Arctic sea ice growth could help to mitigate the slowing.

As a quick overview, global ocean circulation is slowing down because overall Arctic ice levels are continuing to decline, causing a freshwater influx into the Northern Atlantic Ocean and a "cap" on the mechanism that drives global ocean circulation. By increasing the rate at which wintertime sea ice forms, the freshwater cap could be limited for a time...

https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2018/12/10/arctic-sea-ice-is-growing-faster-than-before-but-theres-a-catch/?sh=39de4da01ef4

-

-

Is Antarctica losing or gaining ice?

https://skepticalscience.com/antarctica-gaining-ice.htm

-

Why You Should Be Worried About This Glacier

Aug 31, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6A_7KS-eOY

-

The role of volcanic heating of the tropical stratosphere in formation of heat centers in the Arctic regions

17 June 2014

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1024856014030142

-

Plants of the Arctic and Antarctic

https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-plants/plants-of-the-arctic-and-antarctic

-

No laughing matter

2019

The warming Arctic permafrost may be releasing more nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, than previously thought

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/06/harvard-chemist-permafrost-n2o-levels-12-times-higher-than-expected/

-

91 volcanoes discovered under Antarctic ice sheet

September 26, 2017

https://www.foxnews.com/science/91-volcanoes-discovered-under-antarctic-ice-sheet

-

10 Most Amazing Volcanoes in Alaska

December 2, 2021

https://www.touropia.com/volcanoes-in-alaska/

-

Arctic ocean volcano blew its top – even under pressure

25 June 2008

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826625-800-arctic-ocean-volcano-blew-its-top-even-under-pressure/

-

Arctic Sponges Discovered Eating Corpses of Long-Dead Worms

2/10/22

The giant sponges, which live longer than humans, are thriving on an underwater mountain range near the North pole

https://gizmodo.com/arctic-sponges-discovered-eating-corpses-of-long-dead-w-1848514382

-

Hungry sea sponges feast on fossils atop an extinct underwater volcano

11 Feb 2022

In the Arctic Ocean, scientists have discovered a thriving ecosystem where food appeared to be nearly nonexistent.

https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2022/02/hungry-sea-sponges-feast-on-fossils-atop-an-extinct-underwater-volcano

-

Bones of crocodile-like creature confirm that Arctic was once a hot spot

18 Dec 1998

It was a landscape of steaming swamp and fetid forest. It sweltered in summer, and even at its coldest it hardly ever froze. It was the Arctic circle 90 million years ago.

Something geologists have suspected for years was confirmed when John Tarduno of the University of Rochester in New York took a closer look at rocks just above a layer of basalt 1,000ft thick in the high Canadian Arctic. Basalt means a volcanic eruption; 1,000ft of basalt means a series of huge volcanic eruptions.

But Professor Tarduno was more interested in a layer of shale just above it. Shale is ancient mud. That meant that the long-gone volcanic eruption was followed by a lagoon, swamp or estuary. Mud at the bottom of a lake or lagoon is almost perfect for preserving fossils...

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/dec/18/1

-

Seismic tremor reveals active trans-crustal magmatic system beneath Kamchatka volcanoes

2 Feb 2022

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj1571

-

Mud volcano stews in chilly Arctic waters.

1997

https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mud+volcano+stews+in+chilly+Arctic+waters.-a019517770

-

Paradoxical cold conditions during the medieval climate anomaly in the Western Arctic

2016

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5016737/

-

Volcanic eruptions triggered global warming 56m years ago, study reveals

2017

Scientists say one of the most rapid periods of warming in Earth’s history was due to gradual release of CO2, warning current levels of emissions were even higher

A dramatic period of global warming 56 million years ago that saw temperatures climb by up to five degrees and triggered extinctions of marine organisms was down to volcanic eruptions, researchers have revealed, in a study they say offers insights into the scale and possible impact of global warming today.

One of the most rapid periods of warming in Earth’s history, the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), occurred as Greenland pulled away from Europe.

However, details of the quantities of carbon dioxide behind the warming and where it came from had remained unclear.

Now scientists say they have solved the puzzle, revealing that the main driver of the event was a gradual release of carbon dioxide through volcanic eruptions – findings, they say, that overturn a long-held view that the PETM mirrors the rapid rise in carbon emissions seen today...

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/aug/30/volcanic-eruptions-triggered-global-warming-56m-years-ago-study-reveals

-

Holes the size of city blocks are forming in the Arctic seafloor

March 14, 2022

https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/14/world/arctic-seafloor-holes-permafrost-scn/index.html

-

Faster Arctic Sea Ice Retreat in CMIP5 than in CMIP3 due to Volcanoes

15 Dec 2016

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/29/24/jcli-d-16-0391.1.xml

-

Why is the Arctic melting faster than the Antarctic?

14.06.2017

A recent report says the Arctic may be ice-free by 2040. The Antarctic is also melting, albeit far slower, and in a less regular pattern. Why do the two poles react so differently in the face of climate change?

https://www.dw.com/en/why-is-the-arctic-melting-faster-than-the-antarctic/a-38678700

-

Evidence of recent volcanic activity on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge

2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11236991/

-

Arctic volcanoes exploded at 'impossible' depth

25 June 2008

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14203-arctic-volcanoes-exploded-at-impossible-depth/

-

A dated volcano-tectonic deformation event in Jan Mayen causing landlocking of Arctic charr

11 February 2021

Abstract

We provide the first documentation of tectonic deformation resulting from a volcanic eruption on the island of Jan Mayen. Vertical displacement of about 14 m southwest of the stratovolcano Beerenberg is associated with an eruption in ad 1732 on its southeastern flank. The age of the uplift event is bracketed by radiocarbon-dated driftwood buried by material deposited due to uplift, and by tephra from this eruption. Constraints, inferred from radiocarbon ages alone, allow for the possibility that uplift was completed prior to the ad 1732 eruption. However, the occurrence of tephra in the sediment column indicates that some displacement was ongoing during the eruption but ceased before the eruption terminated. We attribute the tectonic deformation to intrusion of shallow magma associated with the volcanic eruption. Our results complement previous studies of volcanic activity on Jan Mayan by providing precise age constraints for past volcanic activity. Also, it raises new hypotheses regarding the nature, timing and prevalence of precursor tectonic events to Jan Mayan eruptions. The uplift caused the complete isolation of a coastal lake by closing its outlet to the sea, thus landlocking the facultative migratory fish species Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus).

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jqs.3280

-

-

Future Volcanic Eruptions May Cause Ozone Hole Over Arctic

Mar 15, 2002

https://www.spacedaily.com/news/ozone-02c.html

-

Volcano in Iceland Is One of the Largest Sources of Volcanic CO2

8 November 2018

High-precision airborne measurements, in combination with atmospheric modeling, suggest that the Katla subglacial caldera may be one of the planet’s biggest sources of volcanic carbon dioxide.

https://eos.org/research-spotlights/volcano-in-iceland-is-one-of-the-largest-sources-of-volcanic-co2

-

Newly discovered Greenland (mantle) plume drives thermal activities in the Arctic

2020

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2020/12/07/newly-discovered-greenland-mantle-plume-drives-thermal-activities-in-the-arctic/

-

'Ice volcanoes' erupt on Michigan beach during Arctic blast

February 18, 2020

https://www.foxnews.com/us/ice-volcanoes-michigan-lake-cold-blast-winter-weather-ice-shelf

-

Kikiktat volcanics of Arctic Alaska—Melting of harzburgitic mantle associated with the Franklin large igneous province

June 01, 2015

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/lithosphere/article/7/3/275/145742/Kikiktat-volcanics-of-Arctic-Alaska-Melting-of

-

Frozen Splendor: Gems and Minerals Near the Arctic Region

March 17, 2017

https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/gems-minerals-near-arctic-region

-

Volcanic activity sparks the Arctic Oscillation

August 2021

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1115839Q/abstract

-

IMPACTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND GEOENGINEERING ON ARCTIC CLIMATE

May, 2014

https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/44011/PDF/1/play/

-

Global Warming or Simply...

Massive under Sea Volcanoes?

June 26, 2008

https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_globalwarmingpseudo91.htm

-

Deeply Submerged Volcanoes Blow Their Tops

August 14, 2008

Telltale rocks reveal evidence of a phenomenon scientists thought was impossible

A research team led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has uncovered evidence of explosive volcanic eruptions on the Arctic Ocean seafloor almost 2.5 miles deep. Scientists did not think volcanoes submerged under such intense water pressure were capable of such violent eruptions.

Researchers found jagged, glassy fragments of rock (called pyroclastic deposits) spread out over a 4-square-mile (10-square-kilometer) area around a series of small volcanic craters on the Gakkel Ridge, a remote and mostly unexplored section of the mid-ocean ridge, the volcanic undersea mountain chain that wraps around the globe.

“These are the first pyroclastic deposits we’ve ever found in such deep water, at oppressive pressures that inhibit the formation of steam, and many people thought this was not possible,” said WHOI geophysicist Rob Reves-Sohn, chief scientist of an expedition to the Gakkel Ridge in July 2007. “This means that a tremendous blast of carbon dioxide was released into the water column during the explosive eruption.”

Reves-Sohn was lead author of a paper, co-authored by 22 researchers from nine institutions in four countries, that was published June 26, 2008, in the journal Nature.

Seafloor volcanoes usually emit lobes and sheets of lava during an eruption, rather than explosive plumes of gas, steam, and rock that are ejected from land-based volcanoes. Under the intense weight and pressure of water, it is difficult to build up the amount of steam and carbon dioxide gas required to explode a mass of rock up into the water column. Far less energy is needed to do so in air, so ocean eruptions are more likely to resemble those of Kilauea than Mount Saint Helens or Mount Pinatubo.

On the Gakkel Ridge expedition, researchers used a combination of survey and sampling instruments to examine the seafloor and collect samples of rock and sediment, as well as dozens of hours of high-definition video. They saw rough shards and bits of basalt blanketing the seafloor and spread out in all directions from the volcanic craters they discovered and named Loké, Oden, and Thor.

They also found deposits on top of relatively new lavas and high-standing features—indications that the rock debris had fallen or precipitated out of the water, rather than being moved as part of a lava flow that erupted from the volcanoes.

Closer analysis has shown that the some of the tiny fragments are angular bits of quenched glass known to volcanologists as limu o Pele, or “Pele’s seaweed.” These fragments are formed when lava is stretched thin around expanding gas bubbles during an explosion. Reves-Sohn and colleagues also found larger blocks of rock—known as talus—that could have been ejected by explosive blasts from the seafloor.

“Are pyroclastic eruptions more common than we thought, or is there something special about the conditions along the Gakkel Ridge?” said Reves-Sohn. “That is our next question.”

https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/deeply-submerged-volcanoes-blow-their-tops/

-

Newly discovered Greenland plume drives thermal activities in the Arctic

December 7, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-12-newly-greenland-plume-thermal-arctic.html

-

Arctic “ozone hole” in a cold volcanic stratosphere

February 19, 2002

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.052518199

-

Arctic Oscillation response to volcanic eruptions in the IPCC AR4 climate models

11 April 2006

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2005JD006286

-

Future Volcanic Eruptions May Cause Ozone Hole Over Arctic

March 6, 2002

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/03/020306073904.htm

-

Another sign things are getting weird: Lightning around the North Pole increased dramatically in 2021

January 5, 2022

https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/05/world/lightning-increased-north-pole-arctic-2021-climate/index.html

-

Giant volcanoes lurk beneath Antarctic ice

January 5, 2018

The expanse of buried volcanoes raises questions about the future of the ice sheet

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/giant-volcanoes-lurk-beneath-antarctic-ice

-

Arctic Ocean: volcanoes and recent earthquakes - interactive map / Volcano Discovery

https://www.volcanoesandearthquakes.com/map/arctic

-

Volcanic activity sparks the Arctic Oscillation

2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34349158/

-

Hidden Volcanoes Melt Antarctic Glaciers from Below

June 09, 2014

https://www.livescience.com/46194-volcanoes-melt-antarctic-glaciers.html

-

Volcanic Surge Separated The Arctic Ocean From The Atlantic

August 28, 2021

https://www.healththoroughfare.com/science/volcanic-surge-separated-the-arctic-ocean-from-the-atlantic/36137

-

The Effect of Large Volcanic Eruptions on Arctic Ozone Loss and Recovery

https://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sgp/modeling/model3.html

-
333333

--

-

Fire and Ice: Why Volcanic Activity Is Not Melting the Polar Ice Sheets

May 6, 2020

https://climate.nasa.gov/ask-nasa-climate/2982/fire-and-ice-why-volcanic-activity-is-not-melting-the-polar-ice-sheets/

-

-

Volcanic arc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc

A volcanic arc (also known as a magmatic arc is a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate,[2] with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above. Volcanic arcs typically parallel an oceanic trench, with the arc located further from the subducting plate than the trench. The oceanic plate is saturated with water, mostly in the form of hydrous minerals such as micas, amphiboles, and serpentine minerals. As the oceanic plate is subducted, it is subjected to increasing pressure and temperature with increasing depth. The heat and pressure break down the hydrous minerals in the plate, releasing water into the overlying mantle. Volatiles such as water drastically lower the melting point of the mantle, causing some of the mantle to melt and form magma at depth under the overriding plate. The magma ascends to form an arc of volcanoes parallel to the subduction zone.

-

Ice and flames: Those mysterious Arctic volcanoes

2018

https://arctic.ru/analitic/20181107/801083.html

-

Earth's magnetic field broke down 42,000 years ago and caused massive sudden climate change

February 19, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-02-earth-magnetic-field-broke-years.html

-

Earth’s magnetic pole is shifting faster than scientists predicted

February 6th, 2019

If there’s one thing big-budget Hollywood disaster films have taught us, it’s that the Earth’s poles are nothing to be messed with. But apocalyptic fiction aside, scientists have been tracking the movement of Earth’s poles for well over a century, and they never stay put.

In what might seem like an alarming bulletin, scientists from the National Centers For Environmental Information have issued an update that reveals the new location of Earth’s north magnetic pole. The update is actually an “out-of-cycle” event, meaning that it had to be done sooner than planned do to the rapid shifting of the pole’s location...

https://bgr.com/science/north-pole-shift-polar-flip/

-

Arctic Volcano Caused Ancient Global Cooling

May 19, 2022

https://polarjournal.ch/en/2022/05/19/arctic-volcano-caused-ancient-global-cooling/

-

Rivers speeding up Arctic ice melt at alarming rate

January 18, 2022

Summary: Freshwater flowing into the Arctic Ocean from the continent is thought to exacerbate Arctic amplification, but the extent of its impact isn't fully understood. New research measures how the flow of the Yenisei River -- the largest freshwater river that flows into the Arctic Ocean -- has changed over the last few hundred years, and describes the impact freshwater has had on the Arctic.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220118104146.htm

-

Massive volcanic eruption in Scotland drove prehistoric global warming, scientists say

2019

Rocks collected across Inner Hebrides provide first evidence for major Scottish event contributing to 8C increase in global temperature

A massive eruption on the Isle of Skye helped push the planet into a period of dramatic global warming millions of years ago, according to new research...

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/volcano-eruption-scotland-eruption-global-warming-climate-change-isle-skye-inner-hebrides-a8744041.html

-

An unrecognizable Arctic

July 24, 2013

In early May 2013, sensors atop a research facility perched on Hawaiian volcano Mauna Loa recorded a sobering statistic. The average daily level of carbon dioxide in the air had reached a concentration above 400 parts per million—a level that hasn’t been seen since around 3 to 5 million years ago, well before humans roamed the Earth.

Human burning of fossil fuels continues to increase the amount of carbon, a potent heat-trapping greenhouse gas, in our atmosphere. As a result, our planet is warming, and that warming is pushing Earth systems past critical points. This is especially true within the icy realm of the Arctic, the northernmost polar region of the planet, where the effects of climate change are expected to be most exaggerated [1] and have the biggest impact (see sidebar).

NASA scientists and others around the world are tracking these profound changes and trying to understand what the future may hold. In some cases, Arctic systems may be reaching “tipping points” [2]—critical moments in time where a small change has large, potentially irreversible impacts (see sidebar). Examples of tipping points include the melting of permafrost in the Alaskan tundra and the acidification of the oceans. In other cases, where it may be difficult to quantify a particular tipping point, whole systems are racing toward dramatic transformations, such as the melting of sea ice and the decay of the Greenland ice sheet.

“The changes are dramatic,” said Ron Kwok, a senior research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “It is indisputable that sea level rise, disappearing sea ice, melting ice sheets and other changes are happening. It’s a call to action in terms of understanding and mitigation.”

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/958/an-unrecognizable-arctic/

-

That’s amazing, the Arctic sky has turned red!

2018

https://strangesounds.org/2018/10/thats-amazing-the-arctic-sky-has-turned-red.html

-

Top 10 Most Famous and Intriguing Polar Explorers

July 25, 2016

https://explore.quarkexpeditions.com/blog/top-10-most-famous-and-intriguing-polar-explorers

-

Frozen fallout: Ukraine invasion scrambles Arctic rush

April 16, 2022

U.S., allies reconsider Russian ambitions in 'high north'

https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/apr/16/frozen-fallout-ukraine-invasion-scrambles-arctic-r/

-

Arctic Sea Ice Minimum Extent

https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/

-

-

A New Frontier for Fracking: Drilling Near the Arctic Circle

August 18, 2014

Hydraulic fracturing is about to move into the Canadian Arctic, with companies exploring the region’s rich shale oil deposits. But many indigenous people and conservationists have serious concerns about the impact of fracking in more fragile northern environments.

https://e360.yale.edu/features/a_new_frontier_for_fracking_drilling_near_the_arctic_circle

-

Fracking comes to the Arctic in a new Alaska oil boom

2017

https://phys.org/news/2017-04-fracking-arctic-alaska-oil-boom.html

-

How Oil and Gas Drilling Could Disrupt the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

The U.S. Department of the Interior has approved a plan to auction off leases for oil and gas development in the refuge. NC State researchers say the move poses numerous threats.

2020

https://cnr.ncsu.edu/news/2020/08/how-oil-and-gas-drilling-could-disrupt-the-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge/

-

Ethical Reflections on Fracking

2015

https://www.kairoscanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/final-Ethical-Reflections-on-Fracking-Feb.-2015.pdf

-

Fracking report validates environmental concerns in N.W.T.

2014

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/fracking-report-validates-environmental-concerns-in-n-w-t-1.2629503

-

What You Need to Know About Fracking In Canada

2017

https://thenarwhal.ca/what-is-fracking-in-canada/

-

Fracking boom continues to raise environmental concerns

2013

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/fracking-boom-continues-to-raise-environmental-concerns-1.1312363

-

Exposure to Oil and Gas Fracking Sites Linked to Adverse Birth Outcomes

2022

https://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Fulltext/2022/07000/Exposure_to_Oil_and_Gas_Fracking_Sites_Linked_to.7.aspx

-

Fracking tied to cancer-causing chemicals

2016

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5235941/

-

Fracking on the rise in Manitoba

2013

Not as dirty as American kin, but oil well regulation lacking

https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/Fracking-on-the-rise-in-Manitoba-213970561.html

-

We are Endangered! Save the Yukon... No Fracking!!!

2015

https://secure.avaaz.org/community_petitions/en/Yukon_Government_Leader_Yukon_Territory_Canada_Ban_Fracking_in_the_Yukon_Territory_permanently/

-

Arctic Oil Rush Poses Environmental Risks And Challenges

2018

https://www.rferl.org/a/arctic-oil-rush-poses-environmental-risks-and-challenges/24691867.html

-

Scientific Review of Hydraulic Fracturing in British Columbia

February 2019

https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-gas-oil/responsible-oil-gas-development/scientific_hydraulic_fracturing_review_panel_final_report.pdf

-

Fracking Hotspots in Canada

February 11, 2014

https://www.alternativesjournal.ca/politics-policies/fracking-hotspots-in-canada/

-

Birth defects, cancer and disease among potential health risks from fracking for Canadians, doctors warn

2020

https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/01/29/doctors-warn-fracking-could-have-severe-health-environmental-consequences-for-canadians.html

-

Tar Sands Tailings Ponds: Out of Canada's Control

December 21, 2017

https://www.nrdc.org/experts/james-blair/tar-sands-tailings-ponds-out-canadas-control

-

Could Canadian oil be the most destructive on earth?

Feb 29, 2008

Check out this new report from Environmental Defence Canada. The title sort of says it all: "Canada's Toxic Tar Sands: The Most Destructive Project On Earth" (PDF).

https://grist.org/article/the-problem-with-tar-sands/

-

Everything you need to know about the tar sands and how they impact you

17 May, 2021

https://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/story/3138/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tar-sands-and-how-they-impact-you/

-

Canada’s Tar Sands: Destruction So Vast and Deep It Challenges the Existence of Land and People

November 21, 2021

Oil companies have replaced Indigenous people’s traditional lands with mines that cover an area bigger than New York City, stripping away boreal forest and wetlands and rerouting waterways.

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21112021/tar-sands-canada-oil/

-

Report: Canada’s Toxic Tar Sands: The Most Destructive Project on Earth

https://environmentaldefence.ca/report/report-canadas-toxic-tar-sands-the-most-destructive-project-on-earth/

-

Environmental Impact of Tar Sands 'Horrible,' Expert Says

July 14, 2014

https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/environmental-impact-tar-sands-horrible-expert-says

-

A mining rush in Canada’s backcountry threatens Alaska salmon

Dec. 31, 2012

https://www.hcn.org/issues/44.22/a-mining-rush-in-canadas-backcountry-threatens-alaska-salmon

-

-

Canada’s oil sands industry is taking a big hit

March 5, 2021

With the Biden administration cancellation of the Keystone XL Pipeline, a troubled industry seeks ways to transport its product.

https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/03/canadas-oil-sands-industry-is-taking-a-big-hit/

-

OIL SHALE AND TAR SANDS

https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/energy/dirty_energy_development/oil_shale_and_tar_sands/

-

-

Mining Tar Sands Produces Much More Air Pollution Than We Thought

February 3, 2014

Research shows that emissions of a class of air pollutants are two to three orders of magnitude higher than previously calculated

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/mining-tar-sands-produces-much-more-air-pollution-we-thought-180949565/

-

Fracking And Tar Sands

2018

https://www.kineticpetro.com/fracking-and-tar-sands/

-

Tar-sands mining in Canada is unleashing mercury pollution

Jan 03, 2014

As if the oil-sands operations in Alberta weren't bad enough, here's another way they're polluting the environment.

https://grist.org/climate-energy/tar-sands-mining-in-canada-is-unleashing-mercury-pollution/

-

Unexamined risks from tar sands oil may threaten oceans

December 20, 2016

A lack of publicly available information about the chemical composition of fuel mined from tar sands hampers efforts to safeguard marine habitats. A new analysis recommends that officials gain a better understanding of the fuel’s environmental impacts before setting regulations.

https://news.stanford.edu/2016/12/20/unexamined-risks-tar-sands-oil-may-threaten-north-americas-oceans/

-

Myth: Tar Sands versus Oil Sands: What’s in a name?

Jul 7, 2019

The tug of war over what to call it doesn’t change the fact that it’s home to Canada’s largest oil discovery and a vital resource.

https://context.capp.ca/energy-matters/2019/mythbuster-oil-vs-tar/

-

Alberta Oil Sands: Canada’s Environmental Disaster

April 6, 2021

https://defendtheearth.org/alberta-oil-sands-canadas-environmental-disaster/

-

Oil for Export: Tar Sands Bitumen Cannot be Refined in Eastern Canada

Oct. 3, 2013

https://thenarwhal.ca/oil-export-tar-sands-bitumen-cannot-be-refined-eastern-canada/

-

The Dirty Truth About Tar Sands

2014

https://www.nrcm.org/news/the-dirty-truth-about-tar-sands/

-

Sydney Tar Ponds Contamination, Nova Scotia Canada

2018

https://www.ejatlas.org/conflict/sydney-tar-ponds-contamination-nova-scotia-canada

-

Post-Apocalyptic Destruction of the Tar Sands: Alberta from Above

November 26, 2014

https://wilderutopia.com/environment/post-apocalyptic-destruction-of-the-tar-sands-alberta-from-above/

-

German research institute pulls out of Canadian tar sands project

2013

https://www.euractiv.com/section/science-policymaking/news/german-research-institute-pulls-out-of-canadian-tar-sands-project/

-

Canada’s oil sands residents complain of health effects

April 26, 2014

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60703-0/fulltext

-

Environmental Considerations of Shale and Tight Resource Development

2020-09-02

https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/energy-sources-distribution/natural-gas/shale-tight-resources-canada/environmental-considerations-shale-and-tight-resource-development/17682

-

Koch Brothers’ Tar Sands Waste Petcoke Piles Spread to Chicago

Oct. 24, 2013

https://thenarwhal.ca/koch-brothers-tar-sands-waste-petcoke-piles-spread-detroit-chicago/

-

Alaska and fracking

https://www.gem.wiki/Alaska_and_fracking

-

Russia 'secretly working with environmentalists to oppose fracking'

2014

Nato chief, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, says Moscow mounting disinformation campaign to maintain reliance on Russian gas

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/19/russia-secretly-working-with-environmentalists-to-oppose-fracking

-

Liquid salt could help clean up tar sands

2011

https://newatlas.com/ionic-liquids-used-to-process-tar-sands/18214/

-

Permafrost thaw will make radon a bigger threat to Arctic residents, a new study says

February 18, 2022

Thawing soil can release built-up stores of the gas, increasing levels as much as 100-fold.

https://www.arctictoday.com/permafrost-thaw-will-make-radon-a-bigger-threat-to-arctic-residents-a-new-study-says/

-

-

Climate change in the Arctic and radon gas: a rising threat from the ground up

Mar 11, 2022

https://ncceh.ca/content/blog/climate-change-arctic-and-radon-gas-rising-threat-ground

-

Thawing of Arctic permafrost may release cancer-causing gas, scientists warn

09 February 2022

‘An unexpected plume of radon could represent a dangerous health hazard,’ lead author says

https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/arctic-permafrost-thawing-carcinogen-gas-b2011535.html

-

Radioactive contamination in the Arctic—sources, dose assessment and potential risks

2002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X01000935

-

The race against radon

05.11.2022

Scientists are working to map out the risks of the permafrost thaw, which could expose millions of people to the invisible cancer-causing gas

https://knowablemagazine.org/article/physical-world/2022/race-against-radon

-

Radioactive contamination in the Arctic--sources, dose assessment and potential risks

2002

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11936613/

-

How has the intensity of UVB radiation changed recently in the Arctic, and what significance might these changes have?

UV radiation: the unexplored threat to the Arctic

https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/essay_weatherhead.html

-

The Arctic Is Absorbing More Sunlight

2014

NASA satellite instruments have observed a marked increase in the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Arctic since the year 2000, a trend that aligns with the steady decrease in Arctic sea ice during the same period.

While sea ice is mostly white and reflects sunlight, ocean water is darker and absorbs more of the Sun’s energy. A decline in Arctic albedo (reflectivity) has been a key concern among scientists since summer Arctic sea ice cover began shrinking in recent decades. As more solar energy is absorbed by the ocean, air, and icy land masses, it enhances the ongoing warming in the region, which is more pronounced than anywhere else on the planet.

The maps above show the net change in solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere over the Arctic from 2000 to 2014, as well as the net change in sea ice cover over the same period. Shades of red depict areas absorbing more sunlight (top map) and areas with less ice cover (second map). The radiation measurements were made by NASA’s Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments, which fly on multiple satellites. Measurements of sea ice cover were compiled from multiple satellite missions by the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Turn on the image comparison tool to see how increases in absorbed energy align with decreases in ice cover.

Since the year 2000, the rate at which the Arctic absorbs solar radiation in June, July, and August has increased by 5 percent, said Norman Loeb, principal investigator for CERES and a climate scientist at NASA’s Langley Research Center. While a 5 percent increase might not seem like much, consider that the global rate has remained essentially flat during that same time. No other region on Earth shows a trend of change.

When averaged over the entire Arctic Ocean, the increase in absorbed solar radiation is about 10 Watts per square meter. This is equivalent to an extra 10-watt light bulb shining continuously over every 10.76 square feet of Arctic Ocean for the entire summer. Regionally, the increase is even greater, Loeb noted. Areas such as the Beaufort Sea, which has experienced the some of the most pronounced decreases in sea-ice coverage, show a 50 watts per square meter increase.

As a region, the Arctic is showing more dramatic signs of climate change than any other part of the planet. These include a warming of air temperatures at a rate two to three times greater than the rest of the planet, and the loss of September sea ice extent at a rate of 13 percent per decade...

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/84930/the-arctic-is-absorbing-more-sunlight

-

Emerging Trends in Arctic Solar Absorption

16 December 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL095813

-

Russia confirms 'extremely high' radiation levels in toxic cloud

21 November 2017

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2153998-russia-confirms-extremely-high-radiation-levels-in-toxic-cloud/

-

Photosynthesis of two Arctic macroalgae under different ambient radiation levels and their sensitivity to enhanced UV radiation

March 2000

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003000050442

-

Effects of UV radiation on the structure of Arctic macrobenthic communities

12 February 2011

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-011-0959-4

-

Radiation in the Arctic Atmosphere and Atmosphere – Cryosphere Feedbacks

2020

Arctic surface temperature has been increasing at a rate 2–3 times that of the global average in the last half century. Enhanced warming of the Arctic, or Arctic Amplification, is a climatic response to external forcing. Despite good results obtained by climatic models for the globe, the largest intermodel differences in surface temperature warming are found in the Arctic. The magnitude of this warming drives many different processes and determines the evolution of many climatic parameters such as clouds, sea ice extent, and land ice sheet mass. The Arctic Amplification can be attributed to the peculiar feedback processes that are triggered in the Arctic. Most of these processes include radiation interaction with the atmosphere and with the surface, all of them contributing to the radiation budget. It is then mandatory to correctly evaluate this budget both at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere and in the solar and thermal spectra. This can be done using both direct observations, from ground and from space, and model simulation via radiation transfer codes. This last approach need many observed input parameters anyhow.

In this contribution results on the evaluation of the radiation budget in the Arctic are first reviewed. Follows a detailed description of the effects of the most important atmospheric gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone etc.) on both shortwave and longwave radiation ranges. The same is illustrated for aerosol loading in the Arctic, based on a large dataset of aerosol radiative properties measured by means of sun-photometers in numerous Arctic stations. Finally, the effect of the surface reflectivity characteristics on the radiation budget is illustrated by means of albedo models specific for the Arctic.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-33566-3_10

-

NASA Reports Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Hit Record Low in March

Apr 16, 2020

Ozone levels above the Arctic reached a record low for March, NASA researchers report. An analysis of satellite observations show that ozone levels reached their lowest point on March 12 at 205 Dobson units.

While such low levels are rare, they are not unprecedented. Similar low ozone levels occurred in the upper atmosphere, or stratosphere, in 1997 and 2011. In comparison, the lowest March ozone value observed in the Arctic is usually around 240 Dobson units.

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-reports-arctic-stratospheric-ozone-depletion-hit-record-low-in-march

-

NASA Reports Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Hit a Record Low for March

April 16, 2020

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2972/nasa-reports-arctic-stratospheric-ozone-depletion-hit-a-record-low-for-march/

-

Arctic moisture on the move

April 6, 2015

Arctic sea ice—frozen seawater floating on top of the Arctic Ocean and its neighboring seas—grows in the fall and winter and melts in the spring and summer. Since 1978, satellites monitoring this annual growth and retreat have detected an overall decline in Arctic sea ice.

Scientists such as NASA’s Linette Boisvert want to know how this decline is contributing to a warmer and wetter Arctic. One way to find out is by looking at the energy balance at the surface. Areas of ice-free ocean absorb more heat from the sun and become warmer, increasing humidity near the surface. When the humidity at the surface is higher than that of the overlying air, the moisture is released into the atmosphere. In its vapor form, this water is a greenhouse gas that can lead to further warming and ice loss.

The map above, produced with data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite, represents the vertical transport of moisture over the Arctic on June 21, 2014. Orange and red areas show where moisture is leaving the surface and entering the atmosphere (evaporation); blue areas are where moisture is moving from the atmosphere to the surface. The rate at which this occurs is called the moisture flux.

Data for this map were acquired on the summer solstice, after the sea ice had started its annual retreat toward its minimum extent (usually reached in September). The transition between sea ice and ocean water is visible where the moisture flux switches from negative (blue) over the solid sea ice pack to positive (red) over ice-free waters...

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2267/arctic-moisture-on-the-move/

-

Investigate the feedback mechanisms of Arctic clouds and radiation on sea ice changes

2021

https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/documents/STM/2021-05/26_Dong_CERES_STM_20210512_350_Huang.pdf

-

Arctic Cloud, Radiation and their Interactions with Sea Ice

2021

https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/642163

-

High levels of ultraviolet radiation observed by ground-based instruments below the 2011 Arctic ozone hole

01 Nov 2013

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/13/10573/2013/

-

Ionizing Radiation: how fungi cope, adapt, and exploit with the help of melanin

2008 Oct 24

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677413/

-

Concentrations of sunscreens and antioxidant pigments in Arctic Calanus spp. in relation to ice cover, ultraviolet radiation, and the phytoplankton spring bloom

30 September 2015

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lno.10194

-

Evaluation of the Arctic surface radiation budget in CMIP5 models

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170008772/downloads/20170008772.pdf

-

Stratospheric ozone loss-induced cloud effects lead to less surface ultraviolet radiation over the Siberian Arctic in spring

2021

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac18e9

-

UV Radiation and Arctic Ecosystems

https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/uv-radiation-and-arctic-ecosystems

-

Biological Oceanography

https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/biological-oceanography-1

-

Global Environment

https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/global-environment

-

Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

9 March 2016

https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-ultraviolet-(uv)

-

Global and Arctic effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic gases and aerosols in MRI-ESM2.0

10 August 2020

https://progearthplanetsci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40645-020-00348-w

-

Arctic stratospheric ozone depletion and increased UVB radiation: potential impacts to human health

2005

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/ijch.v64i5.18032

-

A Steep Latitudinal Gradient of Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation in the Arctic-Alpine Life Zone

01 June 1980

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1937426

-

Into the mist of studying the mystery of Arctic low level clouds

August 10, 2018

https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/as/2018/08/10/into-the-mist-of-studying-the-mystery-of-arctic-low-level-clouds/

-

Effects of Arctic haze on low-level stratus properties and the surface radiation budget

2007

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT........40Z/abstract

-

Wildfires Are Digging Carbon-Spewing Holes in the Arctic

Jan 4, 2022

Soaring temperatures are rapidly thawing permafrost, leading to huge sinkholes called thermokarst. Northern fires are making the situation even worse.

https://www.wired.com/story/wildfires-are-digging-carbon-spewing-holes-in-the-arctic/

-

-

Shrinking Atmospheric Layer Linked to Low Levels of Solar Radiation

August 26, 2010

https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117580

-

RADIATION AND CLOUD OBSERVATIONS ON A HIGH ARCTIC PLATEAU ICE CAP

1987

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5484905C28A9411C4BD646E1B9A0AE36/S0022143000008649a.pdf/div-class-title-radiation-and-cloud-observations-on-a-high-arctic-plateau-ice-cap-div.pdf

-

Effects of reducing the ambient UV-B radiation in the high Arctic on Salix arctica and Vaccinium uliginosum

2005

https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/effects-of-reducing-the-ambient-uv-b-radiation-in-the-high-arctic

-

Dynamical Response of an Arctic Mixed-Phase Cloud to Ice Precipitation and Downwelling Longwave Radiation From an Upper-Level Cloud

Jan 27 2020

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/dynamical-response-of-an-arctic-mixed-phase-cloud-to-ice-precipit

-

Assessment of the effects of acid-coated ice nuclei on the Arctic cloud microstructure, atmospheric dehydration, radiation and temperature during winter

15 March 2012

https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.3454

-

Photosynthesis of two Arctic macroalgae under different ambient radiation levels and their sensitivity to enhanced UV radiation

2019

https://core.ac.uk/display/260230517

-

Arctic Clouds and Surface Radiation – a critical comparison of satellite retrievals and the ERA-Interim reanalysis

2012

https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1517160_8/component/file_1539280/content

-

Characteristics of the Reanalysis and Satellite-Based Surface Net Radiation Data in the Arctic

2020

In this study, we compared four net radiation products: the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF), and Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX), based on ground observation data and intercomparison data. ERA5 showed the highest accuracy, followed by EBAF, GEWEX, and NCEP. When analyzing the validation grid, ERA5 showed the most similar data distribution to ground observation data. Different characteristics were observed between the reanalysis data and satellite data. In the case of satellite-based data, the net radiation value tended to increase at high latitudes. Compared with the reanalysis data, Greenland and the central Arctic appeared to be overestimated. All data were highly correlated, with a difference of 6–21 W/m² among the products examined in this study. Error was attributed mainly to difficulties in predicting long-term climate change and having to combine net radiation data from several sources. This study highlights criteria that may be helpful in selecting data for future climate research models of this region.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/8825870/

-

Unusual Weather Leads to Ozone Low Over the Arctic

2020

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146588/unusual-weather-leads-to-ozone-low-over-the-arctic

-

The Role of Downward Infrared Radiation in the Recent Arctic Winter Warming Trend

2017

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26388101

-

Downwelling longwave radiation and atmospheric winter states in the western maritime Arctic

09 September 2014

https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.4149

-

Arctic Ice Cap Rebounds From 2012 — But Does That Matter?

2013

https://science.slashdot.org/story/13/09/09/0413229/arctic-ice-cap-rebounds-from-2012-but-does-that-matter

-

-

Russia Finally Admitted the Radiation Cloud Over Europe Is Real

2017

They acknowledged "extremely high contamination" above the Ural

https://futurism.com/russia-finally-admitted-radiation-cloud-over-europe-real

-

Arctic sea ice delusions strike the Mail on Sunday and Telegraph

8 Sep 2013

Both UK periodicals focus on short-term noise and ignore the rapid long-term Arctic sea ice death spiral

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2013/sep/09/climate-change-arctic-sea-ice-delusions

-

Radiation levels near this Siberian village were 1,000 times above normal last fall. But no one worried much ***

Feb. 16, 2018

For decades the Techa River was used by the Mayak nuclear plant to dump radioactive wastes. It has resulted in serious contamination of the water and its banks

https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-mayak-20180216-story.html

-

-

Russian Nuclear Sub Wreck's Radiation 100K Higher Than Normal, Scientists Say

July 10, 2019

Norwegian scientists have discovered radiation levels 100,000 times higher than normal near a Soviet-era nuclear submarine that sank 30 years ago in the Arctic, Norway’s TV2 broadcaster reported Tuesday.

The Komsomolets sank in a section of the Barents Sea considered to be one of the world's largest fishing areas in 1989, killing 42 of its 69 crew. Concerns about contamination from its nuclear reactor have not yet given way to an actual environmental crisis, and readings taken as recently as 2008 have shown no indication of a radiation leak...

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/10/russian-nuclear-sub-wrecks-radiation-100k-higher-than-normal-scientists-say-a66341

-

Soviet-era submarine is emitting radiation at levels 800,000 times above normal, Norway says

July 12, 2019

Two nuclear warheads and a nuclear reactor remain on board the defunct 400-foot-long submarine

https://calgaryherald.com/news/world/soviet-era-submarine-is-emitting-radiation-at-levels-800000-times-above-normal-norway-says/wcm/4cfffcf8-b082-4d65-b952-df8e70fa132f/

-

Russian nuclear power plant afloat in Arctic causes anxiety across Bering Strait

August 9, 2019

https://www.ktoo.org/2019/08/09/russian-nuclear-power-plant-afloat-in-arctic-causes-anxiety-across-bering-strait/

-

Nyonoksa radiation accident

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyonoksa_radiation_accident

The Nyonoksa radiation accident, Arkhangelsk explosion or Nyonoksa explosion occurred on 8 August 2019 near Nyonoksa, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation. Five military and civilian specialists were killed and three (or six, depending on the source) were injured.

-

ROAMING RADIATION Mysterious ‘nuclear’ radiation spike over Europe detected and Russia could be to blame

29 Jun 2020

A MYSTERIOUS spike in radiation levels has been detected over northern Europe and no one has claimed responsibility.

Several European authorities have revealed readings of an increase in human-made radionuclide particles in the atmosphere...

https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/11978579/mysterious-nuclear-radiation-spike-europe/

-

-

-
-
-
-
--

-

Arctic Coastal Cleanup

Enhancing efforts to remove litter from Arctic beaches and waterways

https://www.arctic-council.org/projects/arctic-coastal-cleanup/

-

A southerly wind event and precipitation in Ny Ålesund, Arctic

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136468262200044X

-

Contrasting radiation and soil heat fluxes in Arctic shrub and wet sedge tundra

15 Jul 2016

https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/13/4049/2016/

-

WORLD WAR FREEZE: US & Russia ‘suspicious’ of each other’s Arctic ‘war games’ as tensions between rivals reach ‘unprecedented’ level

Aug 10 2021

https://www.the-sun.com/news/3446898/us-russia-war-games-arctic-unprecedented-tensions/

-

Climate explained: why is the Arctic warming faster than other parts of the world?

June 1, 2021

https://theconversation.com/climate-explained-why-is-the-arctic-warming-faster-than-other-parts-of-the-world-160614

-

Heatwaves at both of Earth’s poles alarm climate scientists

20 Mar 2022

Antarctic areas reach 40C above normal at same time as north pole regions hit 30C above usual levels

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/20/heatwaves-at-both-of-earth-poles-alarm-climate-scientists

-

Arctic Snow Depth on Sea Ice

https://earth.gsfc.nasa.gov/cryo/data/arctic-snow-depth-sea-ice

-

Russia’s Arctic Development: Problems and Priorities

12 January 2018

https://geohistory.today/russia-arctic-development-power/

-

Winter sea ice in Bering Sea reached lowest levels in millennia: study

September 2, 2020

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-arctic-idUSKBN25T2YN

-

High levels of ultraviolet radiation observed by ground-based instruments below the 2011 Arctic ozone hole

2012

https://core.ac.uk/display/30903803

-

Strange lake belches flammable gas in the high Arctic

April 25, 2019

Lake Esieh is spewing vast amounts of methane — a potent greenhouse gas

Methane, a highly flammable gas, gets trapped under the ice of some Arctic lakes in winter. If a hole is punched through the ice, the escaping gas can be lit into a fireball.

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/strange-lake-belches-flammable-gas-high-arctic

-

Climate Milestone: Earth’s CO2 Level Passes 400 ppm

May 12, 2013

Greenhouse gas highest since the Pliocene, when sea levels were higher and the Earth was warmer.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm

-

Accelerated decline of summer Arctic sea ice during 1850–2017 and the amplified Arctic warming during the recent decades

19 February 2021

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abdb5f

-

Rate of Environmental Damage Increasing Across Planet but Still Time to Reverse Worst Impacts

2016

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/05/rate-of-environmental-damage-increasing-across-planet-but-still-time-to-reverse-worst-impacts/

-

Aluminum vs Acid is Crazy

2021

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/n4W-3UgN_Hg

-

Alaskan Tundra

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Alaskan_tundra

-

Permafrost thaw brings major problems to Canada’s Northern Arctic communities

December 2020

https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/simply-science/permafrost-thaw-brings-major-problems-canadas-northern-arctic-communities/23233

-

A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic

July 1, 2019

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1906556116

-

Startling sinkholes hundreds of feet wide have formed in the Arctic seafloor

March 30th, 2022

https://bgr.com/science/startling-sinkholes-hundreds-of-feet-wide-have-formed-in-the-arctic-seafloor/

-

The Arctic Lakes Where Methane Makes Water Roar in a Violent Rolling Boil

5/27/22

https://www.newsweek.com/methane-arctic-sinkholes-lakes-emissions-climate-change-1710842

-

A Mysterious Hole Keeps Opening Up in Antarctica, And Scientists Say It'll Be Back

02 May 2019

https://www.sciencealert.com/that-mysterious-hole-that-opened-up-in-antarctic-will-probably-be-back-scientists-say

-

Why are large sinkholes opening in the Arctic seabed?

Mar 24, 2022

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/why-are-large-sinkholes-opening-in-the-arctic-seabed/

-

Hot summers causing arctic sinkholes as permafrost thaws rapidly: study

June 11, 2019

https://www.gi.alaska.edu/news/hot-summers-causing-arctic-sinkholes-permafrost-thaws-rapidly-study

-

Permafrost is thawing so quickly in the Arctic it's leaving sinkholes

February 4, 2020

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/permafrost-thawing-arctic-climate-change-sinkholes/

-

-

-

The poisons released by melting Arctic ice

17th June 2019

Pollution, anthrax - even nuclear waste - could be released by global warming

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190612-the-poisons-released-by-melting-arctic-ice

-

-

New Giant 50-Metre Deep Sinkhole Just Opened Up In The Arctic – This One Is Unique Scientists Say

August 30, 2020

https://www.messagetoeagle.com/new-giant-50-metre-deep-sinkhole-just-opened-up-in-the-arctic-this-one-is-unique-scientists-say/

-

-

Arctic horror warning as melting ice creates 'giant sinkhole' on seabed

Mar 16, 2022

https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1581208/arctic-melting-horror-giant-sinkhole-beaufort-sea-canada

-

Melting Underwater Arctic Permafrost Forms Giant Sinkholes

March 17th 2022

https://worldwarzero.com/magazine/2022/03/melting-underwater-arctic-permafrost-forms-giant-sinkholes/

-

Giant, 90ft Deep Craters Are Appearing on the Arctic Seafloor

3/14/22

https://www.newsweek.com/ocean-crater-permafrost-thaw-methane-seafloor-1687735

-

Siberian Sinkholes Transition to Lakes

June 28, 2022

https://climatecrocks.com/2022/06/28/siberian-sinkholes-transition-to-lakes/

-

Massive Underwater Domes of Methane Look Set to Blow at Any Moment

06 June 2017

https://www.sciencealert.com/massive-underwater-domes-of-methane-look-set-to-blow-at-any-moment

-

Reindeer herders on Yamal tundra witness likely methane explosion

July 3, 2017

https://www.arctictoday.com/methane-explodes-under-yamal-tundra-creates-another-sinkhole/

-

Siberia’s Permafrost Is Exploding. Is Alaska’s Next?

2015

https://slate.com/technology/2015/04/exploding-methane-holes-in-siberia-linked-to-climate-change-is-alaska-next.html

-

GET AWAY FROM THE EDGE: The deepest, darkest holes on the planet including the ‘Door to Hell’ and Devil’s Sinkhole

29 Aug 2019

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/9803974/deepest-darkest-places-door-hell-toxic-mine/

-

What's Causing Sea-Level Rise? Land Ice Vs. Sea Ice

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/whats-causing-sea-level-rise-land-ice-vs-sea-ice/

-

Arctic and Antarctic lakes as optical indicators of global change

20 January 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/arctic-and-antarctic-lakes-as-optical-indicators-of-global-change/8F5F9C5967587A80548A625627DB0C1E

-

Are Arctic Sea Ice Melts Causing Sea Levels to Rise?

June 13, 2008

Recent NASA photos showed the opening of the Northwest Passage and that a third of the Arctic's sea ice has melted in recent decades. Are sea levels already starting to rise accordingly? If so, what effect is this having?

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/arctic-ice-melts-cause-rising-sea/

-

Living on the dark side? Investigations into under-ice light climate and sympagic amphipods

2022

https://munin.uit.no/handle/10037/25272

-

____________________________

What is Radiation Heat Transfer – Definition

2019-05-22

https://www.thermal-engineering.org/what-is-radiation-heat-transfer-definition/

____________________________

Blast at Russian missile testing ground leads to jump in radiation levels

08.08.19

https://www.unian.info/world/10645323-blast-at-russian-missile-testing-ground-leads-to-jump-in-radiation-levels.html

____________________________

Canada Has Second-Worst Mining Record in World: UN

Oct. 27, 2017

https://thenarwhal.ca/canada-has-second-worst-mining-record-world-un/

____________________________

How green sand could capture billions of tons of carbon dioxide

June 22, 2020

Scientists are taking a harder look at using carbon-capturing rocks to counteract climate change, but lots of uncertainties remain.

https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/22/1004218/how-green-sand-could-capture-billions-of-tons-of-carbon-dioxide/

____________________________

Sand mining: the global environmental crisis you’ve probably never heard of

27 Feb 2017

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/feb/27/sand-mining-global-environmental-crisis-never-heard

____________________________

Climate Change

https://inhabitat.com/can-manufacturing-green-sand-beaches-save-our-planet/

____________________________

Who cleans up? No requirements to fix environmental impacts from mining, auditor says

2019

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/mining-pollution-audit-1.5082511

____________________________

The Effects of Mining on the Canadian Shield

Canada is very rich in minerals, mostly on the Canadian Shield. The miners mined for zinc, copper, lead, nickel, iron, cobalt, gold, antimony, and tin. These minerals are found in the metal mining sector and when the excess dirt has been dug up, the miners don't care, and throw the dirt into the waters, polluting the waters. These careless actions result in acidic drainage, mine de-watering, liquid effluents from the milling proccess, surface water drainage, and seepage from waste ater storage as showed before.

https://miningincanada.weebly.com/the-effects--mining.html

____________________________

From Canadian Coal Mines, Toxic Pollution That Knows No Borders

April 1, 2019

Massive open-pit coal mines in British Columbia are leaching high concentrations of selenium into the Elk River watershed, damaging fish populations and contaminating drinking water. Now this pollution is flowing across the Canadian-U.S. border, threatening the quality of U.S. waters.

https://e360.yale.edu/features/from-canadian-coal-mines-toxic-pollution-that-knows-no-borders

____________________________

Canada Failed at Monitoring Waste Dumps From Mining Companies

2019

https://www.nationalobserver.com/2019/04/02/news/canada-failed-monitoring-waste-dumps-mining-companies

____________________________

10 Threats from the Canadian Tar Sands Industry

August 13, 2015

At every turn, the tar sands invasion would put people and the environment in harm's way.

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/10-threats-canadian-tar-sands-industry

____________________________

Canada sets a world standard for sustainable mining

2021

https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/canadexport/0003604.aspx?lang=eng

____________________________

Sand mining: the environmental challenge you’ve probably never heard of

Jun 30, 2022

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/06/global-sand-mining-demand-impacting-environment/

____________________________

____________________________

The Dirty Fight Over Canadian Tar Sands Oil

December 31, 2015

Dredging up oil from under Canada’s boreal forest and piping it through the United States is a lose-lose proposition.

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/dirty-fight-over-canadian-tar-sands-oil

____________________________

Yukon wetlands pushed to tipping point by placer mining, First Nation and conservationists say

Dec. 11, 2020

https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/12/11/yukon-wetlands-pushed-to-tipping-point-by-placer-mining-first-nation-and-conservationists-say.html

____________________________

-

------------

section extra

------------

-

Unprecedented 32.5C in the Arctic Circle during month of smashed global temperature records

2 July 2022

Climate change projections say that global warming will make these events more likely, with heatwaves growing more intense, more frequent and longer-lasting.

https://news.sky.com/story/unprecedented-32-5c-in-the-arctic-circle-during-month-of-smashed-global-temperature-records-12643828

-

What caused massive Arctic ozone hole in 2020? This study has some answers

Sep 24, 2021

https://www.wionews.com/science/what-caused-massive-arctic-ozone-hole-in-2020-this-study-has-some-answers-415279

-

Arctic ozone depletion reached record level

1 May 2020

https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/arctic-ozone-depletion-reached-record-level

-

UN agency confirms 2020 Arctic heat record

14 Dec 2021

An Arctic temperature record of more than 100 Fahrenheit (38 Celsius) was reached in a Siberian town last year during a prolonged heatwave that caused widespread alarm about the intensity of global warming, a UN agency confirmed on Tuesday.

https://bdnews24.com/environment/2021/12/14/un-agency-confirms-2020-arctic-heat-record

-

The Arctic fails its annual health check as global warming brings more ills to the region

December 14, 2021

https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/14/world/noaa-climate-change-arctic-report/index.html

-

Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns

May 20, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-05-arctic-faster-planet.html

-

Arctic sea ice thinning twice as fast as thought, study finds

4 Jun 2021

Less ice means more global heating, a vicious cycle that also leaves the region open to new oil extraction

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/04/arctic-sea-ice-thinning-twice-as-fast-as-thought-study-finds

-

Melting Arctic ice will have catastrophic effects on the world, experts say. Here's how.

December 24, 2021

https://abcnews.go.com/International/melting-arctic-ice-catastrophic-effects-world-experts/story?id=81588333

-

Arctic methane release due to melting ice is likely to happen again

March 22, 2021

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210322135221.htm

-

NASA: 2021 Arctic Sea Ice Maximum Extent Ranks Seventh-Lowest on Record

June 7, 2021

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-2021-arctic-sea-ice-maximum-extent-ranks-seventh-lowest-on-record/

-

Quiz: Which 2021 Arctic Council report should you read based on your interests?

25 October 2021

https://www.arctic-council.org/news/quiz-which-2021-arctic-council-report-should-you-read/

-

NASA Finds 2021 Arctic Summer Sea Ice 12th Lowest on Record

September 22, 2021

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3114/nasa-finds-2021-arctic-summer-sea-ice-12th-lowest-on-record/

-

Arctic Ice Coverage Is Up Substantially—So Media Ignores It

September 29, 2021

https://www.climatedepot.com/2021/09/29/arctic-ice-coverage-is-up-substantially-so-media-ignores-it/

-

Surprising sea ice thickness across the Arctic is good news for polar bears

May 27, 2021

https://polarbearscience.com/2021/05/27/surprising-sea-ice-thickness-across-the-arctic-is-good-news-for-polar-bears/

-

Trump administration rushes to sell oil rights in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

November 16, 2020

https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/11/16/trump-administration-rushes-to-sell-oil-rights-in-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge/

-

Major Oil Companies Take A Pass On Controversial Lease Sale In Arctic Refuge

January 6, 2021

https://www.npr.org/2021/01/06/953718234/major-oil-companies-take-a-pass-on-controversial-lease-sale-in-arctic-refuge

-

Polar vortex to unleash frigid Arctic blast

February 10, 2021

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/polar-vortex-weather-news-cold-arctic-blast/

-

2021 Arctic Innovator Looks to Advance Technology to Destroy Toxic PFAS ‘Forever Chemicals’ Prevalent Across Alaska

June 7, 2021

https://uaf.edu/oipc/news/2021/2021-arctic-innovator-chris-woodruff.php

-

Study Finds Strong Marine Heatwaves in the Arctic

January 25, 2022

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/study-finds-strong-marine-heatwaves-arctic

-

Arctic Report Card 2021: Sea ice changes, rain on Greenland ice sheet among dramatic changes in North

December 14, 2021

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2021/12/14/arctic-report-card-2021-sea-ice-changes-rain-on-greenland-ice-sheet-among-dramatic-changes-in-north/

-

Oil spill in Canadian Arctic could be devastating for environment and indigenous peoples, study finds

July 7, 2021

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/07/210707112247.htm

-

More lightning in the Arctic is bad news for the planet

4/11/2021

https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/04/more-lightning-in-the-arctic-is-bad-news-for-the-planet/

-

A spike in Arctic lightning strikes may be linked to climate change

April 6, 2021

Arctic lightning has gotten way more frequent over the last decade amid rising global temperatures, study finds

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/arctic-lightning-climate-change-global-warming

-

Britain offers Canadian military help to defend the Arctic

Sep 24, 2021

https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/britain-uk-canada-arctic-defence-submarines-russia-china-1.6187347

-

Tensions will likely grow as China seeks bigger role in the Arctic

May 20 2021

https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/20/tensions-likely-to-grow-as-china-seeks-a-bigger-role-in-the-arctic.html

-

Plutonium: The legacy of Sellafield

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1569486001800218

-

Scientists are racing to save the Last Ice Area, an Arctic Noah’s Ark

November 15, 2021

The goal to preserve summer sea ice, and the creatures that depend on it, is ambitious

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/arctic-last-ice-area-climate-change

-

What the ‘Blue Arctic’ Means for the US Pacific Military Presence

August 21, 2021

Melting sea ice in the Arctic increases accessibility between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and mitigates a geographic disadvantage for the U.S. Navy.

https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/what-the-blue-arctic-means-for-the-us-pacific-military-presence/

-

Sellafield plutonium 'lost' over 40 years

22 Apr 1999

More than a third of the plutonium pumped into the Irish Sea from Sellafield nuclear plant in Cumbria over the past 40 years is missing, scientists working for the ministry of agriculture have disclosed.

Since a tiny speck of plutonium inhaled is enough to trigger cancer, scientists are anxious to explain the disappearance of more than 60kg, which they had expected to find in sea sediments.

A research project lasting years and taking samples all over the Irish Sea and beyond, should have enabled scientists to plot the distribution of plutonium and americium, a radioactive particle that plutonium changes into when it decays. About 40% of the americium was missing too.

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/23/paulbrown

-

Gigantic Moon Eclipsing the Sun in 'Arctic' is Fake. Here's the Truth Behind It

May 27, 2021

https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/gigantic-moon-eclipsing-the-sun-in-arctic-is-fake-viral-video-debunked-3782429.html

-

Measurements and modeling of airborne plutonium in Subarctic Finland between 1965 and 2011

14 May 2020

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/5759/2020/

-

Natural radionuclides and plutonium in sediments from the western Arctic Ocean: Sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides

1997

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Natural-radionuclides-and-plutonium-in-sediments-of-Huh-Pisias/717ed8ffb610c06b8886a4a91cc207b4fe38b6f3

-

Freshly Made Plutonium From Outer Space Found On Ocean Floor

May 14, 2021

Something went boom in outer space and sent radioactive stardust our way, and it's just been found at the bottom of the ocean.

Traces of rare forms of iron and plutonium have been found at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, after some kind of cataclysm in outer space created this radioactive stuff and sent it raining down on our planet.

The extraterrestrial debris arrived on Earth within the last 10 million years, according to a report in the journal Science. Once it hit the Pacific Ocean and settled to the bottom, nearly a mile down, the material got incorporated into layers of a rock that was later hauled up by a Japanese oil exploration company and donated to researchers.

"Just knowing that there's plutonium there is amazing," says Brian Fields, an astronomer at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who was not part of the research team. "Now we only have tiny amounts of material — after all, we're talking about hundreds of atoms here. But we should be grateful for that, because they are freshly made from exploding stars."

Freshly made specimens like these could help scientists understand how the universe forged elements heavier than iron, such as gold, platinum, uranium and plutonium. "These are the elements where we are still in a mystery," says Anton Wallner, a physicist with the Australian National University in Canberra who led the international team that did the new work. "We do not know exactly where they are produced and how much is produced in different sites."

https://www.wlrn.org/news/2021-05-14/freshly-made-plutonium-from-outer-space-found-on-ocean-floor

-

Transport of plutonium in surface and sub-surface waters from the Arctic shelf to the North Pole via the Lomonosov Ridge

2002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X01000972

-

UN weather agency confirms Arctic heat record in Siberia

December 14, 2021

Average temperatures were 10 degrees higher than normal

https://www.foxnews.com/world/un-weather-agency-confirms-arctic-heat-record-siberia

-

Navigating beneath the Arctic ice

April 23, 2021

A team of MIT engineers has developed a navigational method for autonomous vehicles to navigate accurately in the Arctic Ocean without GPS.

https://news.mit.edu/2021/navigating-beneath-arctic-ice-0423

-

“Arctic air freezes Permian shale fields”… Fake news?

2/16/2021

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2021/02/18/arctic-air-freezes-permian-shale-fields-fake-news/

-

Putin Fires Back at U.S. Arctic Concerns: ‘We Will Knock Out Everyone’s Teeth’

May 20, 2021

Thinly veiled threats from the Russian leader came moments after Secretary of State Antony Blinken called on Russia to abide by ‘the rule of law’ in the hotly contentious region.

https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2021-05-20/putin-fires-back-at-us-arctic-concerns-we-will-knock-out-everyones-teeth

-

The Arctic is burning like never before — and that’s bad news for climate change

10 September 2020

Fires are releasing record levels of carbon dioxide, partly because they are burning ancient peatlands that have been a carbon sink.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02568-y

-

Norilsk Nickel pays $2.5 billion to Russia over massive Arctic oil spill

10 Mar 2021

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-11/nornickel-pays-2.5-billion-dollars-over-russian-oil-spill/13236186

-

Arctic Ocean started to warm decades earlier than scientists thought

Nov. 24, 2021

Nov. 24 (UPI) -- The Arctic Ocean has been warming since the beginning of the 20th century, fueled by a process known as Atlantification, according to a study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances.

The new research highlights the connection between the North Atlantic and Arctic between Greenland and Svalbard, a region known was Fram Strait, where warmer, saltier water from the south has been steadily infiltrating northern waters.

"Pinpointing the exact timing of the onset of Atlantification in the Arctic can give us some important clues as to the exact driving mechanisms behind this phenomenon," study co-lead author Francesco Muschitiello told UPI in an email.

A more precise Arctic warming timeline will also allow scientists to compare the history of climate change in the Arctic to changes in volcanism, solar activity, freshwater, greenhouse gases, aerosols and more...

https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2021/11/24/arctic-warming-atlantification/2141637764455/

-

Remobilization of dormant carbon from Siberian-Arctic permafrost during three past warming events

16 Oct 2020

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abb6546

-

Scientists Discovered Unsettling Creature Living Under Antarctic Ice

Jul 28, 2022

Abstract

Carbon cycle models suggest that past warming events in the Arctic may have caused large-scale permafrost thaw and carbon remobilization, thus affecting atmospheric CO₂ levels. However, observational records are sparse, preventing spatially extensive and time-continuous reconstructions of permafrost carbon release during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Using carbon isotopes and biomarkers, we demonstrate that the three most recent warming events recorded in Greenland ice cores—(i) Dansgaard-Oeschger event 3 (~28 ka B.P.), (ii) Bølling-Allerød (14.7 to 12.9 ka B.P.), and (iii) early Holocene (~11.7 ka B.P.)—caused massive remobilization and carbon degradation from permafrost across northeast Siberia. This amplified permafrost carbon release by one order of magnitude, particularly during the last deglaciation when global sea-level rise caused rapid flooding of the land area thereafter constituting the vast East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Demonstration of past warming-induced release of permafrost carbon provides a benchmark for the sensitivity of these large carbon pools to changing climate.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuEN3WPVTVI

-

Massive Russian oil spill said to threaten sea life in Arctic 'We are talking about dead fish, polluted plumage of birds and poisoned animals' -- Sergey Verkhovets, coordinator of Arctic projects for WWF Russia...

June 5, 2020

https://www.undercurrentnews.com/2020/06/05/massive-russian-oil-spill-said-to-threaten-sea-life-in-arctic/

-

This robot is going to map uncharted kelp forests in the Arctic–and the impact of climate change

2021

https://news.northeastern.edu/2021/07/21/this-robot-is-going-to-map-uncharted-kelp-forests-in-the-arctic/

-

Ships Traveling the Thawing Arctic Are Leaving Garbage in Their Wake, Scientists Warn

Dec. 14, 2021

https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-12-14/u-n-agency-confirms-2020-arctic-heat-record

-

Arctic Drilling Plan in Alaska Hits Roadblock

21 February 2021

https://www.newsmax.com/newsfront/oil-arctic-drilling-polar/2021/02/21/id/1010864/

-

Underneath the Arctic ice lies a political bloodbath

January 3, 2021

https://thetempest.co/2021/01/03/news/underneath-the-arctic-ice-lies-a-political-bloodbath/

-

-

*Arctic Sea Ice* reaches the 2021 minimum, with more ice left than in the past seven years, due to cooler weather conditions in the western Arctic

28/09/2021

https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/arctic-sea-ice-melt-minimum-2021-fa/

-

-

Indigenous knowledge to help identify sustainable Arctic fish

May 26th 2021

https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/05/26/news/indigenous-knowledge-help-identify-sustainable-arctic-fish

-

U.S. study: Record highs, rain and beaver damage in Arctic

Dec 14, 2021

https://www.newspressnow.com/u-s-study-record-highs-rain-and-beaver-damage-in-arctic/article_910ee528-5d52-11ec-8242-dbf21b1f2123.html

-

The Arctic Threat That Must Not be Named

January 28, 2021

https://warontherocks.com/2021/01/the-arctic-threat-that-must-not-be-named/

-

Mysterious bacteria found in the Arctic can break down oil and diesel

20/08/2021

Ocean bacteria in the Canadian Arctic is capable of biodegrading diesel and oil, according to a new study.

Scientists at the University of Calgary found “unexpected” microbes in the icy waters of the Arctic which they say would respond well to an oil spill in the region. The study’s findings were published in the Applied and Environmental Microbiology journal.

Paraperlucidibaca, Cycloclasticus, and Zhongshania, types of bacteria which live in the Labrador Sea, are able to break down the fossil fuels present. They clear up the ocean, ensuring that it remains a vital resource for surrounding Indigenous communities.

https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/08/16/mysterious-bacteria-found-in-the-arctic-can-break-down-oil-and-diesel

-

Northern expedition: China’s Arctic activities and ambitions

April 2021

https://www.brookings.edu/research/northern-expedition-chinas-arctic-activities-and-ambitions/

-

China in the Canadian Arctic: Context, Issues, and Considerations for 2021 and Beyond

12 January 2021

https://www.ualberta.ca/china-institute/research/analysis-briefs/2021/arctic_analysis_brief.html

-

Bellona urges the Arctic Council to tackle sunken radiation hazards

May 21, 2021

As Russia begins its two-year chairmanship of the Arctic Council, Bellona supports an international response to raising nuclear submarines and other radioactive debris scuttled by the Soviet Union in Arctic seas.

https://bellona.org/news/arctic/2021-05-bellona-urges-the-arctic-council-to-tackle-sunken-radioactive-waste

-

More Rain Than Snow Predicted for Arctic

December 1, 2021

https://consortiumnews.com/2021/12/01/more-rain-than-snow-predicted-for-arctic/

-

Blinken Accuses Russia of Making ‘Unlawful’ Claims in the Arctic

2021

https://news.antiwar.com/2021/05/18/blinken-accuses-russia-of-making-unlawful-claims-in-the-arctic/

-

Snowed in: Research team finds Arctic was dinosaur nursery

June 24, 2021

https://news.fsu.edu/news/science-technology/2021/06/24/snowed-in-research-team-finds-arctic-was-dinosaur-nursery/

-

Scientists stunned by rare Arctic lightning storms north of Alaska

July 17, 2021

https://www.reuters.com/world/scientists-stunned-by-rare-arctic-lightning-storms-north-alaska-2021-07-16/

-

Arctic fires, thawing permafrost pose growing threat to climate -study

May 17, 2021

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/arctic-fires-thawing-permafrost-pose-growing-threat-climate-study-2021-05-17/

-

-

New observations from ICESat-2 show remarkable Arctic sea ice thinning in just three years

10 March 2022

https://news.agu.org/press-release/new-observations-from-icesat-2-show-remarkable-arctic-sea-ice-thinning-in-just-three-years/

-

Prehistoric horses, bison shared diet

2021

Tooth wear offers clues to how diversity of Ice Age mammals coexisted in arctic Alaska

https://www.uc.edu/news/articles/2021/05/why-did-prehistoric-bison-outlast-wild-horses-in-arctic.html

-

Alaska judge dismisses Trump-era approvals for Arctic oil project

August 22, 2021

https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/08/alaska-judge-dismisses-trump-era-approvals-for-arctic-oil-project/

-

Fact-checking claims that Al Gore said all Arctic ice will be gone in the summer by 2013

March 2, 2021

In 2009, Al Gore loosely cited researchers and said there was a “75% chance” the ice could be gone during at least some summer months within five to seven years.

He made similar statements multiple other times in the late 2000s.

https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/mar/02/facebook-posts/fact-checking-claims-al-gore-said-all-arctic-ice-w/

-

Polar Bears Are Mating with Grizzly Bears in Alaska, Creating ‘Pizzly Bears’

April 14, 2021

https://outsider.com/outdoors/polar-bears-mating-grizzly-bears-alaska-creating-pizzly-bears/

-

Warming Arctic linked to polar vortex outbreaks farther south

2021

Warmer air weakens the vortex, which normally keeps cold air trapped in Arctic, letting it go south

https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/warming-arctic-1.6163581

-

Fremantle Sells Banner Factual Original ‘Arctic Drift: A Year In the Ice’ to 170 Territories (EXCLUSIVE)

Oct 8, 2021

https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/fremantle-arctic-drift-170-territories-1235084179/#!

-

No scientific consensus yet on whether warming Arctic may lead to more extreme weather

2021

In the past month alone, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands have suffered horrific flooding, Siberia caught fire, and the Arctic Sea suffered near-record melting.

Meanwhile, in North America, after record-high temperatures, formerly rare fire thunderstorms have become near-daily events.

There is one big theory connecting climate change to the weather patterns behind events as disparate as fire and floods, heatwaves and melting ice, across three different continents.

It is elegant, reasonably easy to understand and has profound implications — but because it is at the frontier of climate science, not all researchers are yet convinced.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-22/one-big-climate-theory/100311336

-

Scientists have accidentally discovered a new island in the Arctic

29/08/2021

https://www.euronews.com/2021/08/29/scientists-have-accidentally-discovered-a-new-island-in-the-arctic

-

Arctic wildfires have emitted 35% more CO2 so far in 2020 than the whole of last year

August 31, 2020

The peak number of active fire observations was approximately 600 in late July, compared with 400 in 2019

https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/arctic-wildfires-2020-co2-emissions-whole-2019-last-year-614180

-

Eye on the Arctic

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/

-

The Ukraine War Is Dividing Europe’s Arctic Indigenous People

June 27, 2022

It has driven a wedge between Sámi in Russia and those in Nordic countries.

https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/27/russia-ukraine-war-saami-indigenous-arctic-people-norway-sweden-finland/

-

New Methane Discharge Discovered in Russia's Arctic – Guardian

Sep. 7, 2021

A new source of methane discharge has been discovered in the Arctic Ocean near eastern Siberia, raising concerns of a “new tipping point” that could speed up the pace of global warming, The Guardian reported Tuesday.

Scientists found the potent greenhouse gas bubbling from a depth of 350 meters in the Laptev Sea, with surface-level concentrations that vent into the atmosphere between four and eight times the normal amount. One of the six monitoring points showed methane concentrations 400 times higher than expected under the normal air-sea equilibrium.

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/10/28/new-methane-discharge-discovered-in-russias-arctic-guardian-a71877

-

Arctic ice shrinks to 2nd lowest level on record

22.09.2020

US scientists say the world is heading towards a "seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean." Germany's research ship Polarstern is on its way home after even reaching the North Pole through open water patches.

https://www.dw.com/en/arctic-ice-shrinks-to-2nd-lowest-level-on-record/a-55011894

-

Rewilding the Arctic could stop permafrost thaw and reduce climate change risks

27 Jan 2020

https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-01-27-rewilding-arctic-could-stop-permafrost-thaw-and-reduce-climate-change-risks

-

Spring 2020 arctic “ozone hole” likely caused by record-high north pacific sea surface temperatures

20-Sep-2021

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/928901

-

2020 Arctic heat record 'more befitting the Mediterranean,' UN says

2021

https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/2020-arctic-heat-record-more-befitting-the-mediterranean-un-says-1.5706341

-

Why Arctic sea ice has stalled, and what it means for the rest of the world

November 8, 2020

https://earthsky.org/earth/why-arctic-winter-sea-ice-stalled-2020/

-

Arctic Sea ice melts to second-place finish at annual minimum

21 September 2020

https://news.mongabay.com/2020/09/arctic-sea-ice-melts-to-second-place-finish-at-annual-minimum/

-

New global archive logs changes in behavior of Arctic animals

November 5, 2020

https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/11/05/new-global-archive-logs-changes-in-behavior-of-arctic-animals/

-

100.4-Degree Temperature in Siberia in 2020 Is Highest Ever in Arctic: U.N. Weather Agency

12/14/21

https://www.newsweek.com/1004-degree-temperature-siberia-2020-highest-ever-arctic-un-weather-agency-1659400

-

How A Warming Arctic Will Change New England Weather

September 14, 2020

https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/09/14/warming-arctic-weather-q-and-a

-

'Solastalgia': Arctic inhabitants overwhelmed by new form of climate grief

2020

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/15/arctic-solastalgia-climate-crisis-inuit-indigenous

-

Shift to a Not-So-Frozen North Is Well Underway, Scientists Warn

2020

“There is no reason to think that in 30 years much of anything will be as it is today,” one of the editors of a new report on the Arctic climate said.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/climate/arctic-climate-change.html

-

Russia's New Arctic Project Will Be Biggest in Global Oil – Rosneft

Feb. 14, 2020

The project will require over $150 billion in investments and will create 100,000 new jobs, Sechin told Putin.

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/14/russias-new-arctic-project-will-be-biggest-in-global-oil-rosneft-a69294

-

MIT oceanographers have an explanation for the Arctic’s puzzling ocean turbulence

December 15, 2020

New study suggests waters will become more turbulent as Arctic loses summertime ice.

https://news.mit.edu/2020/arctics-eddies-ocean-turbulence-1215

-

The moon controls the release of methane in Arctic Ocean

December 14, 2020

Summary: The moon controls one of the most formidable forces in nature - the tides that shape our coastlines. Tides, in turn, significantly affect the intensity of methane emissions from the Arctic Ocean seafloor. High tides may even counter the potential threat of submarine methane release from the warming Arctic.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/12/201214104716.htm

-

Arctic heat wave "essentially impossible" without human-caused climate change, study finds

July 15, 2020

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/arctic-heat-wave-human-caused-climate-change/

-

What's a 'zombie fire'? Dangerous underground fires spark record-setting wildfires in Arctic Circle

2020

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/09/08/zombie-fires-underground-fires-spark-wildfires-arctic-circle/5744379002/

-

UN weather agency affirms 2020 Arctic heat record in Siberia

December 14, 2021

The U.N. weather agency has certified a 38-degree Celsius (100.4 Fahrenheit) reading in the Russian town of Verkhoyansk last year as the highest temperature ever recorded in the Arctic

https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/weather-agency-affirms-2020-arctic-heat-record-siberia-81740726

-

Study suggests great earthquakes cause of Arctic warming

December 23, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-12-great-earthquakes-arctic.html

-

The Arctic is burning in a whole new way

September 28, 2020

"Zombie fires" and burning of fire-resistant vegetation are new features driving Arctic fires—with strong consequences for the global climate—warn international fire scientists in a commentary published in Nature Geoscience.

The 2020 Arctic wildfire season began two months early and was unprecedented in scope.

"It's not just the amount of burned area that is alarming," said Dr. Merritt Turetsky, a coauthor of the study who is a fire and permafrost ecologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. "There are other trends we noticed in the satellite data that tell us how the Arctic fire regime is changing and what this spells for our climate future."

The scientists contend that input and expertise of Indigenous and other local and communities is essential to understanding and managing this global issue.

The commentary identifies two new features of recent Arctic fires. The first is the prevalence of holdover fires, also called zombie fires. Fire from a previous growing season can smolder in carbon-rich peat underground over the winter, then re-ignite on the surface as soon as the weather warms in spring.

"We know little about the consequences of holdover fires in the Arctic," noted Turetsky, "except that they represent momentum in the climate system and can mean that severe fires in one year set the stage for more burning the next summer."

The second feature is the new occurrence of fire in fire-resistant landscapes. As tundra in the far north becomes hotter and drier under the influence of a warmer climate, vegetation types not typically thought of as fuels are starting to catch fire: dwarf shrubs, sedges, grass, moss, even surface peats. Wet landscapes like bogs, fens, and marshes are also becoming vulnerable to burning.

The team has been tracking fire activity in the Russian Arctic in real time using a variety of satellite and remote sensing tools. While wildfires on permafrost in Siberia south of the Arctic are not uncommon, the team found that 2019 and 2020 stood out as extreme in the satellite record for burning that occurred well above the Arctic Circle, a region not normally known to support large wildfires.

As a result, said lead author Dr. Jessica McCarty, a geographer and fire scientist at Miami University, "Arctic fires are burning earlier and farther north, in landscapes previously thought to be fire resistant."

The consequences of this new fire regime could be significant for the Arctic landscape and peoples and for the global climate. More than half of the fires detected in Siberia this year were north of the Arctic Circle on permafrost with a high percentage of ground ice. This type of permafrost locks in enormous amounts of carbon from ancient biomass. Climate models don't account for the rapid thaw of these environments and resulting release of greenhouse gases, including methane.

On a more local level, abrupt thawing of ice-rich permafrost in wildfires causes subsidence, floods, pits and craters, and can submerge large areas under lakes and wetlands. As well as disrupting the lives and livelihoods of Arctic residents, these features are associated with more greenhouse gases moving from where they are trapped in soils into the atmosphere.

These extensive changes have severe consequences for global climate.

https://phys.org/news/2020-09-arctic.html

-

2020 Arctic air temperatures continue a long-term warming streak

December 8, 2020

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/2020-arctic-air-temperatures-continue-long-term-warming-streak

-

Exceptional ozone hole over the Arctic in 2020

2020-04-22

https://www.aeronomie.be/en/news/2020/exceptional-ozone-hole-over-arctic-2020

-

Canada's Volcanoes: The Cradle of Life | Full Documentary | TRACKS

Jan 12, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJQ1B5I0GMk

-

Antarctica - A Frozen History

May 21, 2016

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SxXjN7WT90

-

TRAGIC STORY OF SALOMON ANDREE: How the First Arctic BALLOON Expedition Ended // North Pole 1897

Apr 4, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYHXLlkhMho&t=4s

Research shows need to improve prediction of Arctic melt ponds

July 1, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-07-arctic-ponds.html

-

Heavy metals in aerosols over the seas of the Russian Arctic

June 2003

Abstract

A review of the data on heavy metals in aerosols over the seas of the Russian Arctic is presented. Results of heavy metal studies in aerosols obtained during 11 research expeditions in summer/autumn period from 1991 to 2000, and at Severnaya Zemlya and Wrangel Island in spring, in 1985-1989 are discussed. Concentrations of most heavy metals in the atmosphere in the marine boundary layer in the Russian Arctic are nearly of the same order as literature data from other Arctic areas. The content of heavy metals in the aerosols over the seas of the Russian Arctic shows an annual variation with maximal concentrations during the winter/spring season. In the summer/autumn period increased concentrations of heavy metals could be explained, in most cases, by natural processes (generation of sea salt aerosols, etc.). In some cases, aerosols from Norilsk and Kola Peninsula were detected. Particular attention was paid to estimation of horizontal and vertical fluxes of atmospheric heavy metals. We estimated annual variations in long-range transport of heavy metals into the Russian Arctic in 1986-1995. In winter and spring, up to 50% of the average air pollutant concentrations in the Russian Arctic are due to the Arctic atmospheric pollution itself. Moreover, the monthly and annual averaged fluxes of six anthropogenic chemical elements (arsenic, nickel, lead, vanadium, zinc and cadmium) onto the surface in the Arctic were estimated, and the values obtained were in reasonable agreement with the literature data available.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10800584_Heavy_metals_in_aerosols_over_the_seas_of_the_Russian_Arctic

-

Atmosphere–ocean exchange of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Russian Arctic Ocean

18 Nov 2019

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/19/13789/2019/

-

Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf

24 November 2013

https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2007

-

East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi

2019

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/33255

-

East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi

2018 Nov 12

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30577143/

-

Global accounting of PCBs in the continental shelf sediments.

2003

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12564894

-

Organochlorine Pesticide and Trace Metal Monitoring of Russian Rivers Flowing to the Arctic Ocean: 1990–1996

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X00001661

-

Metal accumulation in tissues of seabirds from Chaun, northeast Siberia, Russia

1996

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0269749196000073

-

Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by Atlantic waters and Siberian rivers

03 February 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00091-0

-

Russia, world's worst oil polluter, now drilling in Arctic

2012

https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-world-s-worst-oil-polluter-now-drilling-in-arctic-1.1281291

-

Russia shuts down infamous site of nuclear disaster

Jan 14, 2003

MOSCOW — Russia has shut down a notorious, aging nuclear plant responsible for decades of environmental ruin in the Ural Mountains, a decision heralded Monday as an unexpected shift in how Moscow views dangers posed by nuclear waste.

Since the 1950s, the plant in Mayak, in central Russia, had been dumping radioactive waste into a nearby lake, contaminating drinking water for thousands of people. More than 40,000 Russians living in the villages and hamlets surrounding Mayak have been treated for the effects of radiation exposure in the last 10 years.

https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-01-14-0301140174-story.html

-

Russian metals firm admits spillage turned river blood red

12 Sep 2016

Norilsk Nickel insists the temporary problem will not affect people or wildlife, but environmental activists say it is too early to tell

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/12/russian-metals-firm-admits-spillage-turned-river-blood-red

-

Regional distribution of PCBs and presence of technical PCB mixtures in sediments from Norwegian and Russian Arctic Lakes

2002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702004862

-

Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic

2002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702004904

-

Natural radionuclides and plutonium in sediments from the western Arctic Ocean: Sedimentation rates and pathways of radionuclides

1997

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Natural-radionuclides-and-plutonium-in-sediments-of-Huh-Pisias/717ed8ffb610c06b8886a4a91cc207b4fe38b6f3

-

The Arctic Ports of Russia

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-arctic-ports-of-russia.html

-

Exploring The Treasures Of Russia: The Seven Wonders Of Russia

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/exploring-the-treasures-of-russia-the-seven-wonders-of-russia.html

-

Exploring Serbia: The Seven Serbian Wonders of Nature

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/exploring-serbia-the-seven-serbian-wonders-of-nature.html

-

PCBs, PBDEs and pesticides released to the Arctic Ocean by the Russian rivers Ob and Yenisei

2007

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18350877/

-

PCBs, PBDEs and pesticides released to the Arctic Ocean by the Russian Rivers Ob and Yenisei

February 2008

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5501312_PCBs_PBDEs_and_pesticides_released_to_the_Arctic_Ocean_by_the_Russian_Rivers_Ob_and_Yenisei

-

The looming Arctic collapse: more than 40% of north Russian buildings are starting to crumble

June 28, 2021

Previously solid ground is quickly degrading. The melting of the permafrost is about to cause huge damage to buildings and infrastructure across the country, Russia's natural resource minister warns.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/climate-crisis/2021/06/looming-arctic-collapse-more-40-north-russian-buildings-are-starting-crumble

-

-

^239,240Pu transport into the Arctic Ocean from underwater nuclear tests in Chernaya Bay, Novaya Zemlya

March 2000

Radionuclide measurements have been conducted on sediment, seawater and biota samples collected in Chernaya Bay, on the southern coast of Novaya Zemlya, the site of two underwater nuclear tests conducted in the 1950s. ^239,240Pu levels in sediments from the central region of Chernaya Bay exceed concentrations of 15,000 Bq/kg, and are among the highest ever reported for the marine environment. It is estimated that approximately 11 TBq of ^239,240Pu from the tests has been retained in the sediments of Chernaya Bay. Plutonium from Chernaya Bay is distinguished by ²⁴⁰Pu/ ²³⁹Pu atom ratios of 0.03 that are much lower than ratios of 0.18 typical of global fallout. High levels of ¹³⁷Cs (Bq/kg) and ⁶⁰Co (Bq/kg) were also measured in surface sediments in the central regions of Chernaya Bay near the presumed epicentre of the explosions. Applications of a biodiffusion model to excess ²¹⁰Pb sediment depth profiles indicate that the distribution of ^239,240Pu is governed mainly by sediment mixing in this low sedimentation rate (<0.1 cm/yr) regime and, as a result, most of the ^239,240Pu has been retained in the upper 20 cm of the sediment column. Elevated levels of ^239,240Pu measured in Macoma (104 Bq/kg), Fucus (15 Bq/kg) and polychaete (1292 Bq/kg) from Chernaya Bay, indicate that ^239,240Pu levels in the benthos are comparatively high and that significant uptake has occurred in the food chain. Although levels of ^239,240Pu in bottom water from Chernaya Bay are high (4.2 Bq/m ³), restricted exchange over the fjord sill limits the present rates of ^239,240Pu transport from contaminated sites in Chernaya Bay into the eastern Barents Sea. However, low ²⁴⁰Pu/ ²³⁹Pu atom ratios measured in sediment cores collected throughout the eastern Barents Sea indicate that significant offshore transport of plutonium from Chernaya Bay has occurred in the past, probably at the time of the original nuclear tests. The large difference in end member ²⁴⁰Pu/ ²³⁹Pu atom ratios for Chernaya Bay fallout (0.03) and atmospheric fallout (0.18) has been exploited to estimate that 2 TBq of ^239,240Pu in Barents Sea sediments was originally derived from Chernaya Bay. Further, a plume of low ²⁴⁰Pu/ ²³⁹Pu ratio plutonium, distributed in a northwestward direction, is evident in sediments along the southern coastline of Novaya Zemlya, indicating that an additional quantity of Chernaya Bay plutonium may have been transported into the Arctic Ocean.

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000CSR....20..255S/abstract

-

-

Russia slashes environmental protections as war rages, economic crisis looms

June 26, 2022

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/industry-and-energy/2022/06/russia-slashes-environmental-protections-war-rages-economic-crisis-looms

-

Rosneft-sponsored study says Soviet-era eco-impact at Franz Josef Land is ‘insignificant’

August 25, 2022

A three-year study on the impact of the Soviet Union’s oil usage on Franz Josef Land led scientists to conclude that the USSR’s environmental impacts on the archipelago are insignificant.

A three-year long study, that commenced in 2019 and analyzed the effects of oil-contamination caused by the economic activities of the Soviet Union, has just wrapped up on the Franz Josef Land archipelago.

The study’s data had been analyzed by scientists from the Federal Research Center of Biotechnology from the Russian Academy of Sciences and their findings have just been presented by the Russian Arctic national park alongside Rosneft, Russia’s largest oil company.

Rosneft was both sponsor and active participant throughout the project period.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2022/08/rosneft-sponsored-study-says-soviet-era-eco-impact-franz-josef-land-insignificant

-

Bioaccumulation of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in seals, fishes and invertebrates from the White Sea, Russia

2002

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12699922/

-

How Norilsk, in the Russian Arctic, became one of the most polluted places on Earth

Nov. 28, 2021

A smelting company has poisoned rivers, killed off forests and belched out more sulfur dioxide than active volcanoes. Now it wants to produce more metal for the “green economy.”

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/norilsk-russian-arctic-became-one-polluted-places-earth-rcna6481

-

Benthic communities of Russian Arctic Seas under radioactive pollution condition

January 2009

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44208242_Benthic_communities_of_Russian_Arctic_Seas_under_radioactive_pollution_condition

-

Marine seabed litter in Siberian Arctic: A first attempt to assess

2021 Aug 18

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34418709/

-

Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic

2002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702004904

-

Riverine fluxes of the persistent organochlorine pesticides hexachlorcyclohexane and DDT in the Russian Federation

2000

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653599005202

-

Soviet nuclear submarine emitting radiation ‘100,000 times normal level’ into sea, scientists find

10 July 2019

The wreck of a Soviet nuclear submarine which sunk in the Barents Sea after a fire in 1989 is emitting high levels of radiation, a joint Russian and Norwegian investigative team has reported...

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/soviet-nuclear-submarine-russia-barents-sea-radiation-komsomolets-wreck-a8998741.html

-

Russia removed radioactive lighthouses from Arctic coast

November 11, 2008

https://barentsobserver.com/en/node/20900

-

Siberian Arctic black carbon: gas flaring and wildfire impact

2022

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/5983/2022/

-

Russia explores old nuclear waste dumps in Arctic

25 January 2013

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21119774

-

Pollution of Russian Northern Seas with Heavy Metals: Comparison of Atmospheric Flux and River Flow

December 2019

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019IzAOP..55..695V/abstract

-

Plutonium isotope ratios in the Yenisey and Ob estuaries

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969804303003774

-

Heavy metal pollution in sediments of the Pasvik River drainage

2001

https://www.academia.edu/16251015/Heavy_metal_pollution_in_sediments_of_the_Pasvik_River_drainage

-

Pathways of Siberian freshwater and sea ice in the Arctic Ocean traced with radiogenic neodymium isotopes and rare earth elements

2017

https://www.academia.edu/en/67946233/Pathways_of_Siberian_freshwater_and_sea_ice_in_the_Arctic_Ocean_traced_with_radiogenic_neodymium_isotopes_and_rare_earth_elements

-

Russians blame sea pollution on Sellafield

8 Aug 2001

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/aug/09/kursk.russia

-

Subcritical nuke tests may be resumed at Novaya Zemlya

2012

https://barentsobserver.com/en/security/subcritical-nuke-tests-may-be-resumed-novaya-zemlya-02-10

-

-

Russia blasting into fragile Arctic in search of oil

2011

https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2011/12/17/russia_blasting_into_fragile_arctic_in_search_of_oil.html

-

-

-

Researchers locate scuttled reactors from K-19 submarine

September 14, 2021

A Russian expedition to search for radioactive waste intentionally scuttled by the Soviet Navy has pinpointed where the reactor compartment for the troubled K-19, Moscow’s first nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine, was dumped.

https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2021-09-researchers-locate-scuttled-reactors-from-k-19-submarine

-

-

Russia’s missing nuclear-powered cruise missile sparks radiation worries

August 23, 2018

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2018/08/23/russia-nuclear-cruise-missile-radiation-arctic-barents-sea-norway-fishing-environment-worries/

-

The Terrifying History of Russia’s Nuclear Submarine Graveyard

2021

https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a34976195/russias-nuclear-submarine-graveyard/

-

Ocean disposal of radioactive waste

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_disposal_of_radioactive_waste

Pacific Ocean

The Soviet Union 874 TBq, US 554 TBq, Japan 606.2 Tonnes, New Zealand 1+ TBq. 751,000 m3 was dumped by Japan and the Soviet Union. The United States reported neither tonnage nor volume of 56,261 containers.

Dumping of contaminated water at the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident (estimate 4,700–27,000 TBq) is not included.

Environmental impact

Data are from IAEA-TECDOC-1105.[2]: 7

Arctic Ocean

Joint Russian-Norwegian expeditions (1992–94) collected samples from four dump sites. At immediate vicinity of waste containers, elevated levels of radionuclide were found, but had not contaminated the surrounding area.

-

Sunken Soviet Sub leaking high levels of radiation, Norwegian researchers say

August 5, 2019

Norwegian researchers have discovered that a Soviet nuclear submarine that sank in the Barents Sea 30 years ago, killing 41 sailors, is leaking radiation at nearly 1 million times normal levels.

https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2019-08-sunken-soviet-sub-leaking-high-levels-of-radiation-norwegian-researchers-say

-

Russia’s Arctic nuclear dump may become promising fishing area

March 15, 2018

Thousands of containers with radioactive waste were dumped in the Kara Sea during Soviet times. Now, Russia’s Federal Agency for Fishing believes it’s a good idea to start fishing.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/ecology/2018/03/russias-arctic-nuclear-dump-may-become-promising-fishing-area

-

Soviet submarine K-27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-27

-

Urgent to lift dumped K-27 nuclear sub

September 25, 2012

https://barentsobserver.com/en/nature/urgent-lift-dumped-k-27-nuclear-sub-25-09

-

Hundreds of Dead Animals Washing Up on a Beach Is Russia’s Latest ‘Ecological Catastrophe’

10/06/20

Hundreds of sea creatures’ bodies have washed up onto the shore in Russia’s Far East. All signs point to water pollution in what is the latest in a series of environmental catastrophes to befall Russia this year.

The contamination, first reported last month, has left a bubbly yellow sludge on the water offshore of the Kamchatka Peninsula, a land mass that sits between the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk. It is currently being investigated by Kamchatka’s regional Environmental Prosecutor’s Office, but no one’s yet sure where it came from.

https://gizmodo.com/hundreds-of-dead-animals-washing-up-on-a-beach-is-russi-1845291629

-

Mysterious mass die-off on Russia's eastern coast has scientists searching for answers

October 10, 2020

Thousands of dead sea creatures have washed up in Kamchatka.

https://abcnews.go.com/International/mysterious-mass-die-off-russias-eastern-coast-scientists/story?id=73544331

-

The mysterious behavior of ocean salt

2021

https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/news/2021/06/23/mysterious-behavior-ocean-salt/7683351002/

-

Atlantic Current Shutdown Could Disrupt Ocean Food Chain

April 13, 2005

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050412213152.htm

-

Slowing Gulf Stream current to boost warming for 20 years

19 July 2018

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44875508

-

Ice Age Reboot: Ocean Current Shutdown Viewed as Culprit

June 26, 2014

A dramatic slowdown in deep ocean currents matches a major reset in Earth's ice ages about 1 million years ago, new evidence from the South Atlantic seafloor suggests.

https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna55516264

-

Ocean Circulation Shut Down By Melting Glaciers After Last Ice Age

November 21, 2001

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/11/011120041942.htm

-

Failing ocean current raises fears of mini ice age

30 November 2005

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8398-failing-ocean-current-raises-fears-of-mini-ice-age/

-

Ocean Circulation Shut Down by Melting Glaciers After Last Ice Age

Nov 19, 2001

https://www.spacedaily.com/news/iceage-01e.html

-

Atlantic Ocean Current Slows Down To 1,000-Year Low, Studies Show

April 13, 2018

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/13/602240020/atlantic-ocean-current-slows-down-to-1-000-year-low-studies-show

-

A Chilling Possibility

Mar 5, 2004

By disturbing a massive ocean current, melting Arctic sea ice might trigger colder weather in Europe and North America.

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/05mar_arctic/

-

Shutdown Of Circulation Pattern Could Be Disastrous, Researchers Say

December 20, 2004

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219153611.htm

-

-

Expedition finds reactors 56 years after dumping

September 02, 2021

A Russian research expedition has rediscovered the location of the container with two damaged reactors from the Soviet navy submarine K-19, dumped in Ambrosimova Bay in 1965.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/nuclear-safety/2021/09/expedition-found-exact-location-dumped-reactor

-

How Doggerland Sank Beneath The Waves (500,000-4000 BC) // Prehistoric Europe Documentary

Jan 26, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DECwfQQqRzo

-

-

section arctic 2022

-

Mount St. Helens: The Turmoil of Creation Continues — 1989

Oct 28, 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PavWmfpCklk

Scientists Terrifying NEW Discoveries At Yellowstone National Park!

Jun 24, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBqSaJZKiig

--
-

Learn how Supervolcanoes caused the World’s Largest Landslide in Wyoming

Feb 4, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYS3r3tk2GI

https://horebu.wilsonema.com/greenlands-bedrock-is-unexpectedly-deep-which-is-reall-1820074206

-

https://fence.firesidegrillandbar.com/europes-heat-wave-threatens-record-melting-of-greenland-1836728186

-

Arctic sea ice melt season is now underway, but not as strong as in recent years, except in the Siberian region

09/06/2021

https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/arctic-sea-ice-melt-season-2021-june-fa/

section greenland

-
-

---

VIKING SETTLEMENTS IN ICELAND AND GREENLAND

2019

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/viking-settlements-iceland-and-greenland

___________________________

Vikings grew barley in Greenland

2012

A sensational find at the bottom of an ancient rubbish heap in Greenland suggests that Vikings grew barley on the island 1,000 years ago.

https://sciencenordic.com/agriculture-archaeology-denmark/vikings-grew-barley-in-greenland/1447746

___________________________

Soil Frozen For 2.7 Million Years Shows 'Greenland Was Green'

04/17/14

https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/soil-frozen-2-7-million-years-shows-greenland-was-green-1445267

___________________________

Bacterial community composition and diversity of five different permafrost-affected soils of Northeast Greenland

13 May 2014

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1574-6941.12352

___________________________

Rates and processes of aeolian soil erosion in West Greenland

January 18, 2017

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0959683616687381

___________________________

New Map Finally Reveals What's Hidden Under Greenland's Vast Ice Sheets

15 December 2017

https://www.sciencealert.com/map-underneath-greenland-ice-shows-sea-level-rises

___________________________

Presence of psychrotolerant phenanthrene-mineralizing bacterial populations in contaminated soils from the Greenland High Arctic

2010 Feb 3

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20199573/

___________________________

Ancient Landscape Is Found Under 2 Miles Of Ice In Greenland

April 19, 2014

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/19/304914190/ancient-landscape-is-found-under-two-miles-of-ice-in-greenland

___________________________

When Greenland was green in warmer times

2014

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/04/17/when-greenland-was-green-in-warmer-times/

___________________________

Scientists discover ‘world’s northernmost island’ off Greenland’s coast

27 Aug 2021

Researchers say the tiny island in Greenland – roughly 30 metres across – was exposed by shifting pack ice

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/28/scientists-discover-worlds-northernmost-island-off-greenlands-coast

___________________________

6 mysterious structures hidden beneath the Greenland ice sheet

August 27, 2021

Nearly 2 miles thick in places, the ice sheet hides a landscape of canyons, mountains, fjords and gem-like lakes.

https://www.livescience.com/landscapes-hidden-greenland-ice-sheet.html

___________________________

Greenland ice sheet's winds driving tundra soil erosion, study finds

August 12, 2015

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150812131922.htm

___________________________

The Role of Biological Soil Crusts in Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Stabilization in Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland

04 June 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-018-0267-8

___________________________

A multimillion-year-old record of Greenland vegetation and glacial history preserved in sediment beneath 1.4 km of ice at Camp Century

March 15, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2021442118

___________________________

Generating seamless global daily AMSR2 soil moisture (SGD-SM) long-term products for the years 2013–2019

31 Mar 2021

https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1385/2021/

___________________________

A top-secret Cold War project unearthed ancient fossils buried deep under the Greenland ice sheet

Mar 17, 2021

https://www.businessinsider.com/cold-war-project-greenland-ice-sheet-plant-fossils-2021-3?op=1

___________________________

Soil–air phase characteristics: Response to texture, density, and land use in Greenland and Denmark

05 June 2021

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/saj2.20284

___________________________

Gas diffusion characteristics of agricultural soils from South Greenland

10 June 2020

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/saj2.20114

___________________________

Net regional methane sink in High Arctic soils of northeast Greenland

08 December 2014

https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2305

___________________________

Massive meteor crater discovered beneath Greenland's ice is much older than thought

March 9, 2022

https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/09/world/crater-greenland-age-scn/index.html

___________________________

Researchers Find 3-million-year-old Landscape Beneath Greenland Ice Sheet

April 18, 2014

https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/researchers-find-3-million-year-old-landscape-beneath-greenland-ice-sheet/

___________________________

___________________________

Viking History Is Melting Away in Greenland

July 11, 2019

Climate change is already rotting archaeological sites in the Arctic, and Norse Viking-era settlements are at high risk

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/viking-history-is-melting-away-in-greenland/

___________________________

Viking bones and DNA will decay quickly as Greenland thaws

The ground is thawing.

2019

https://mashable.com/article/viking-greenland-remains-decay

___________________________

Soil organic carbon stocks in permafrost-affected soils in West Greenland

2016

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016706116302695

___________________________

The Flora of Greenland

Greenland is much greener than most people think. Colourful flowers, lush meadows and hardy plants spring up when the summer's mild winds blow.

https://visitgreenland.com/about-greenland/flora-greenland/

___________________________

What a mile-deep soil sample can teach us about climate change

Mar 22, 2021

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/preserved-sample-greenland-glacier-climate-change/

___________________________

Ancient leaves preserved under a mile of Greenland's ice – and lost in a freezer for years – hold lessons about climate change

April 16, 2022

https://news.yahoo.com/ancient-leaves-preserved-under-mile-190707994.html

___________________________

Ancient Soil Found Under Greenland Ice Sheet Dates Back 2.7 Million Years

Dec 6, 2017

Landscape Predating Human Beings Found Under Ice

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ancient-soil-greenland-ice-sheet_n_5173503

___________________________

Greenland: A land of ice and... Other stuff

September 8, 2017

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/greenland-land-ice-andother-stuff

___________________________

A 2500 year record of natural and anthropogenic soil erosion in South Greenland

7 May 2020

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00648503/document

-

Greenland ice loss in 2020 was below the record but above average

December 8, 2020

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/greenland-ice-loss-2020-was-below-record-above-average

-

Greenland News

https://www.newsnow.com/us/World/Europe/Northern+Europe/Greenland

-

The hidden meltdown of Greenland

September 21, 2015

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2342/the-hidden-meltdown-of-greenland/

-

Greenland’s Nearing a Climate Tipping Point. How Long Warming Lasts Will Decide Its Fate, Study Says

December 23, 2019

Past meltdowns occurred with temperatures only slightly higher than today's, suggesting the world is overestimating the ice sheet's stability, scientists say.

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23122019/greenland-ice-sheet-climate-tipping-point-temperature-duration-sea-level-rise-pnas-study/

-

It Rained at the Summit of Greenland. That's Never Happened Before

2021

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/climate/greenland-rain-ice-sheet.html

-

Greenland is crying — can it be saved from mining and climate change?

2021

https://thehill.com/changing-america/opinion/584953-greenland-is-crying-can-it-be-saved-from-mining-and-climate-change/

-

-

Iceland Rises as Its Glaciers Melt From Climate Change

With the country's glaciers melting faster, the crust near the glaciers is rebounding at an accelerated rate, according to a UA-led team of geoscientists.

Jan. 29, 2015

https://news.arizona.edu/story/iceland-rises-as-its-glaciers-melt-from-climate-change

-

Another Climate Alarmist Admits Real Motive Behind Warming Scare

03/29/2016

https://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/another-climate-alarmist-admits-real-motive-behind-warming-scare/

-

Slate Exclusive: Why Greenland’s “Dark Snow” Should Worry You

Sept 16, 2014

https://slate.com/technology/2014/09/jason-box-s-research-into-greenland-s-dark-snow-raises-more-concerns-about-climate-change.html

-

In Greenland, a climate change mystery with clues written in water and stone

January 25, 2016

https://www.whoi.edu/press-room/whoi-in-the-news/in-greenland-a-climate-change-mystery-with-clues-written-in-water-and-stone/

-

Greenland ice more resistant to climate change than feared, study shows

August 10, 2012

https://www.naturalnews.com/036760_Greenland_climate_change_ice_melting.html

-

Greenland ice melt caused by more sunny days, not catastrophic climate change, scientists discover

July 10, 2017

https://naturalnews.com/2017-07-10-greenland-ice-melt-caused-by-more-sunny-days-not-catastrophic-climate-change-scientists-discover.html

-

Climate change hoax collapses as Michael Mann’s bogus “hockey stick” graph defamation lawsuit dismissed by the Supreme Court of British Columbia

08/26/2019

https://climate.news/2019-08-26-climate-change-hoax-collapses-as-michael-mann-bogus-hockey-stick-graph.html

-

Accelerating melt rate makes Greenland Ice Sheet world's largest 'dam'

February 21, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-02-greenland-ice-sheet-world-largest.html

-

Greenland ice cap loses enough water in 20 years to cover US: study

February 1, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-02-greenland-ice-cap-years.html

-

Lakes on Greenland Ice Sheet can drain huge amounts of water, even in winter

March 31, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-03-lakes-greenland-ice-sheet-huge.html

-

Heatwave causes massive melt of Greenland ice sheet

July 31, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-07-heatwave-massive-greenland-ice-sheet.html

-

-

-

-

Why is Greenland Melting?

June 1, 2017

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/why-is-greenland-melting/

-

Greenland Is Melting at Some of the Fastest Rates in 12,000 Years

October 1, 2020

If greenhouse gas emissions do not decline, melt rates could quadruple and further add to sea level rise

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-at-some-of-the-fastest-rates-in-12-000-years/

-

Greenland, Antarctica Melting Six Times Faster Than in the 1990s

Mar 16, 2020

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/greenland-antarctica-melting-six-times-faster-than-in-the-1990s

-

Greenland is melting and it even looks bad from space

Aug. 2, 2019

NASA satellite images tell a sobering story of the impact of extreme weather on Greenland's ice.

https://www.cnet.com/science/greenland-is-melting-and-it-even-looks-bad-from-space/

-

'Massive melting event' sinks billions of tons of Greenland ice amid heat wave******

August 6, 2021

https://news.yahoo.com/massive-melting-event-sinks-billions-150618666.html

-

-

Greenland's ice melted away at least once in last million years

March 17, 2021

The ice sheet atop Greenland —which holds enough frozen water to swamp coastal cities worldwide—has melted to the ground at least once in the last million years despite CO2 levels far lower than today, stunned scientists have reported.

The surprise discovery of plant fossils in soil samples extracted in the 1960s by US army engineers from beneath two kilometres of ice is smoking-gun proof that Greenland—three times the size of Texas—was covered with lichen, moss and perhaps trees in the not-so-distant past.

It is also a red flag for the accelerating impact of climate change.

"Our findings tell us the Greenland ice sheet is vulnerable," Paul Bierman, a geologist at the University of Vermont and lead author of a study this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy, told AFP.

Until the late 1990s, Greenland's ice sheet was roughly in balance, gaining as much mass through snowfall as it lost in summer from crumbling glaciers and melt-off.

But over the last two decades, the gathering pace of global warming has upended that balance.

In 2019, Greenland cast off more than half-a-trillion tonnes of ice and meltwater, accounting for 40 percent of total sea level rise that year....

https://phys.org/news/2021-03-greenland-ice-million-years.html

-

‘Massive melting event’ torpedoes billions of tons of ice the whole world depends on

Aug. 9, 2021

https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/climate-change/566950-massive-melting-event-torpedoes-billions-of/

-

Greenland’s Microbial Melt-Down

01/22/2021

https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/greenland-melting-microbes/

-

Melting of Greenland glacier generating its own heat and accelerating thaw from base, says study

February 22, 2022

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2022/02/22/melting-of-greenland-glacier-generating-its-own-heat-and-accelerating-thaw-from-base-says-study/

-

Is vanishing sea ice causing Greenland to melt?

March 29th, 2016

Researchers have discovered a link between disappearing Arctic sea ice and dogged weather systems that are rapidly melting the surface of Greenland.

During Greenland summers, melting Arctic sea ice favors stronger and more frequent “blocking-high” pressure systems, which spin clockwise, stay largely in place, and can block cold, dry Canadian air from reaching the island.

https://www.futurity.org/greenland-sea-ice-1126682-2/

-

Greenland melting likely increased by bacteria in sediment

January 14, 2021

Microbes in meltwater stream sediment may help boost island's contribution to sea-level rise

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210114163858.htm

-

Crater under Greenland points to climate-altering impact in the time of humans

2018

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18458138

-

Greenland ice sheet witnessed historic rain in 2021. Scientists reveal why the bizarre event happened

May 26, 2022

https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/climate-change-greenland-ice-sheet-rain-global-warming-heatwave-1954351-2022-05-26

-

Warming Seas Are Accelerating Greenland's Glacier Retreat**

January 25, 2021

https://sealevel.nasa.gov/news/211/warming-seas-are-accelerating-greenlands-glacier-retreat

-

A recent reversal in the response of western Greenland's ice caps to climate change

September 9, 2021

Greenland may be best known for its enormous continental scale ice sheet that soars up to 3,000 meters above sea level, whose rapid melting is a leading contributor to global sea level rise. But surrounding this massive ice sheet, which covers 79% of the world's largest island, is Greenland's rugged coastline dotted with ice capped mountainous peaks. These peripheral glaciers and ice caps are now also undergoing severe melting due to anthropogenic (human-caused) warming. However, climate warming and the loss of these ice caps may not have always gone hand-in-hand.

New collaborative research from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and five partner institutions (University of Arizona, University of Washington, Pennsylvania State University, Desert Research Institute and University of Bergen), published today in Nature Geoscience, reveals that during past periods, glaciers and ice caps in coastal west Greenland experienced climate conditions much different than the interior of Greenland. Over the past 2,000 years, these ice caps endured periods of warming during which they grew larger rather than shrinking.

This novel study breaks down the climate history displayed in a core taken from an ice cap off Greenland's western coast. According to the study's researchers, while ice core drilling has been ongoing in Greenland since the mid-20th century, coastal ice core studies remain extremely limited, and these new findings are providing a new perspective on climate change compared to what scientists previously understood by using ice cores from the interior portions of the Greenland ice sheet alone.

"Glaciers and ice caps are unique high-resolution repositories of Earth's climate history, and ice core analysis allows scientists to examine how environmental changes—like shifts in precipitation patterns and global warming—affect rates of snowfall, melting, and in turn influence ice cap growth and retreat," said Sarah Das, Associate Scientist of Geology and Geophysics at WHOI. "Looking at differences in climate change recorded across several ice core records allows us to compare and contrast the climate history and ice response across different regions of the Arctic." However, during the course of this study, it also became clear that many of these coastal ice caps are now melting so substantially that these incredible archives are in great peril of disappearing forever.

Due to the challenging nature of studying and accessing these ice caps, this team was the first to do such work, centering their study, which began in 2015, around a core collected from the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Greenland. This single core offers insight into how coastal climate conditions and ice cap changes covaried during the last 2,000 years, due to tracked changes in its chemical composition and the amount of snowfall archived year after year in the core. Through their analysis, investigators found that during periods of past warming, ice caps were growing rather than melting, contradicting what we see in the present day.

https://phys.org/news/2021-09-reversal-response-western-greenland-ice.html

-

A recent reversal in the response of western Greenland’s ice caps to climate change

September 9, 2021

Research suggests some ice caps grew during past periods of warming

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/09/210909162229.htm

-

The Media Is Lying About Greenland and Climate Change

September 13, 2021

https://alethonews.com/2021/09/15/the-media-is-lying-about-greenland-and-climate-change/

-

Greenland ice sheet loses 11 billion tons of water in one day amid historic heat

August 2, 2019

The rapid melt -- unlike levels ever seen before -- has alarmed scientists.

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/amid-historic-heat-greenland-ice-sheet-loses-11/story?id=64737944

-

Ancient leaves preserved under a mile of Greenland's ice hold lessons about climate change

March 16, 2021

Secret military bases and Danish freezers

The story of the ice core begins during the Cold War with a military mission dubbed Project Iceworm. Starting around 1959, the U.S. Army hauled hundreds of soldiers, heavy equipment and even a nuclear reactor across the ice sheet in northwest Greenland and dug a base of tunnels inside the ice. They called it Camp Century.

It was part of a secret plan to hide nuclear weapons from the Soviets. The public knew it as an Arctic research laboratory. Walter Cronkite even paid a visit and filed a report.

Camp Century didn't last long. The snow and ice began slowly crushing the buildings inside the tunnels below, forcing the military to abandon it in 1966. During its short life, however, scientists were able to extract the ice core and begin analyzing Greenland's climate history. As ice builds up year by year, it captures layers of volcanic ash and changes in precipitation over time, and it traps air bubbles that reveal the past composition of the atmosphere.

https://sciencex.com/news/2021-03-ancient-mile-greenland-ice-lessons.html

-

-

When Greenland was green: rapid global warming 55 million years ago shows us what the future may hold (Debated)

August 23, 2021

https://theconversation.com/when-greenland-was-green-rapid-global-warming-55-million-years-ago-shows-us-what-the-future-may-hold-166342

-

Northward dispersal of dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the mid-Norian (215–212 Ma, Late Triassic) dip in atmospheric pCO2*****

February 15, 2021

Significance

Sharply contrasting climate zonations under high atmospheric pCO₂ conditions can exert significant obstacles to the dispersal of land vertebrates across a supercontinent. This is argued to be the case in the Triassic for herbivorous sauropodomorph dinosaurs, which were confined to their initial venue in the Southern Hemisphere temperate belt of Pangea for about their first 15 million years. Sauropodomorphs only appear in the fossil record of the Northern Hemisphere temperate belt about 214 million years ago based on a composite magnetostratigraphy of the Fleming Fjord Group in East Greenland. The coincidence in timing within a major dip in atmospheric pCO₂ from published paleosol records suggests the dispersal was related to a concomitant attenuation of climate barriers in a greenhouse world.

Abstract

The earliest dinosaurs (theropods and sauropodomorphs) are found in fossiliferous early Late Triassic strata dated to about 230 million years ago (Ma), mainly in northwestern Argentina and southern Brazil in the Southern Hemisphere temperate belt of what was Gondwana in Pangea. Sauropodomorphs, which are not known for the entire Triassic in then tropical North America, eventually appear 15 million years later in the Northern Hemisphere temperate belt of Laurasia. The Pangea supercontinent was traversable in principle by terrestrial vertebrates, so the main barrier to be surmounted for dispersal between hemispheres was likely to be climatic; in particular, the intense aridity of tropical desert belts and unstable climate in the equatorial humid belt accompanying high atmospheric pCO₂ that characterized the Late Triassic. We revisited the chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-bearing Fleming Fjord Group of central East Greenland and, with additional data, produced a correlation of a detailed magnetostratigraphy from more than 325 m of composite section from two field areas to the age-calibrated astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale. This age model places the earliest occurrence of sauropodomorphs (Plateosaurus) in their northernmost range to ∼214 Ma. The timing is within the 215 to 212 Ma (mid-Norian) window of a major, robust dip in atmospheric pCO₂ of uncertain origin but which may have resulted in sufficiently lowered climate barriers that facilitated the initial major dispersal of the herbivorous sauropodomorphs to the temperate belt of the Northern Hemisphere. Indications are that carnivorous theropods may have had dispersals that were less subject to the same climate constraints.

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2020778118

-

Moon dust: Greenland's recipe for saving Planet Earth

October 14, 2021

Among the glaciers and turquoise fjords of southwestern Greenland, a mining company is betting rock similar to the one the Apollo missions brought back from the moon can address some of Planet Earth's climate change problems.

"This rock was created in the early days in the formation of our planet," says geologist Anders Norby-Lie, who began exploring anorthosite at the remote mountain landscape in Greenland nine years ago.

More recently, it has excited mining companies and investors hoping to sell it as a relatively sustainable source of aluminium as well as an ingredient to make fibreglass.

The government elected in April has placed it at the centre of its efforts to promote Greenland as environmentally responsible and even the U.S. space agency NASA has taken note.

The mineral-rich island has become a hot prospect for miners seeking anything from copper and titanium to platinum and rare earth minerals, which are needed for electric vehicle motors.

That could appear an easy solution to Greenland's challenge of how to grow its tiny economy so it can realise its long-term goal of independence from Denmark, but the government campaigned on an environmental platform and needs to honour that.

"Not all money is worth earning," Greenland's mineral resources minister Naaja Nathanielsen told Reuters in an interview in the capital Nuuk. "We have a greener profile, and we've been willing to make some decisions on it pretty quickly."

Already the government has banned future oil and gas exploration and wants to reinstate a ban on uranium mining.

That would halt development of one of the world's biggest rare earth deposits, named Kuannersuit in Greenlandic and Kvanefjeld in Danish because the deposit also contains uranium.

Kuannersuit, whose operator was in the final stages of securing a permit to mine, was a flashpoint issue in April's election because locals fear the uranium it contains could harm the country's fragile environment.

"As far as we are concerned, uranium is a political issue which is being driven by exaggerated and misleading claims," licence holder Greenland Minerals (GGG.AX) CEO John Mair told Reuters.

The mine could bring in royalties of around 1.5 billion Danish crowns ($233 million) each year, the government has said.

By contrast, revenue from two small mines operating in the country is negligible, and Nathanielsen says the government's budget plans do not assume any mining revenue.

https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/moon-dust-greenlands-recipe-saving-planet-earth-2021-10-14/

-

Subpopulation of Greenland Polar Bears Found by NASA-Funded Study

June 23, 2022

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3196/subpopulation-of-greenland-polar-bears-found-by-nasa-funded-study/

-

-

Epic sea level rise drove Vikings out of Greenland (Debated)

December 16, 2021

https://www.livescience.com/agu-floods-drove-vikings-from-greenland

-

Greenland Pummeled By Snow One Month After Its Summit Saw Rain For The First Time

September 12, 2021

https://www.npr.org/2021/09/12/1036452138/greenland-pummeled-by-snow-one-month-after-its-summit-saw-rain-for-the-first-tim

-

Dust in the Wind Could Speed Greenland's Ice Melt

June 8, 2014

Despite it’s name, Greenland is predominantly white, as snow and ice cover the majority of the country. New research indicates that Greenland’s main color may be starting to fade and in fact darken, though, thanks to a widespread increase of dust across the ice sheets. That darkening could speed up surface melt, and with it, sea level rise around the globe.

Meltwater channels run along the ice in Greenland. Soot, dust and microbes that live in the ice all contribute to its darkening.

https://www.climatecentral.org/news/dust-soot-greenland-ice-sheet-17533

-

Greenland's Most Important Glacier is Growing Again, but Scientists Warn Change Is Likely Temporary

March 26, 2019

https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-03-25-greenland-jakobshavn-glacier-growing-climate-change

-

CO2 Dip May Have Helped Dinosaurs Walk From South America to Greenland

February 15, 2021

https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/02/15/co2-dip-dinosaurs-greenland/

-

Greenland's rapid melt will mean more flooding

December 11, 2019

https://sealevel.nasa.gov/news/178/greenlands-rapid-melt-will-mean-more-flooding

-

Is Greenland gaining or losing ice?

https://skepticalscience.com/greenland-cooling-gaining-ice.htm

-

Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?

June 30, 2016

A longstanding rumor claims the names are a bait and switch.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/iceland-greenland-name-swap

-

NASA Discovers a New Mode of Ice Loss in Greenland

May 25, 2017

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-discovers-a-new-mode-of-ice-loss-in-greenland

-

Climate crisis could still be affecting size of Greenland ice sheet in thousands of years

21 January 2022

After thousands of years of expansion, Greenland’s ice sheet has been retreating since the 1980s

https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/greenland-ice-sheet-melting-oceans-b1996539.html?_hsenc=p2ANqtz--VEfizwz1ZKzLutdKbVRxFTr9y8e15rkDFONKepusEiXZq1ONOIzMahls03YRq5t-FbPgs

-

JM Cheers on Climate Scientist as She Traverses Greenland

June 30, 2022

https://www.rooferscoffeeshop.com/post/jm-cheers-on-climate-scientist-as-she-traverses-greenland

-

Greenland Ice Cores show warmer climate 4000 years ago

Greenland Ice Cores Show Temps Were Much Warmer 4,000 Years Ago

https://nexusnewsfeed.com/article/climate-ecology/greenland-ice-cores-show-warmer-climate-4000-years-ago/

-

The hidden melting of the most important ice on Earth, explained

Feb 21, 2022

The future of sea level rise is being written underneath Antarctica and Greenland.

https://www.vox.com/22939545/antarctica-greenland-ice-sheet-shelf-glacier-melt-climate-sea-level-rise

-

New climate models suggest faster melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet

15 December 2020

https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-climate-models-suggest-faster-melting-of-the-greenland-ice-sheet/

-

Greenland ice core points to rapid climate change

https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/29576-greenland-ice-core-points-to-rapid-climate-change

-

Fossils in a Forgotten Ice Core Rewrite Greenland’s Icy Past

Mar 20, 2021

A secret Cold War project led to signs of ancient life—and a new warning about the future of the climate.

https://www.wired.com/story/fossils-in-a-forgotten-ice-core-rewrite-greenlands-icy-past/

-

Ancient Greenland Cave Sediments Contain a Climate Change Warning

3/24/21

https://gizmodo.com/ancient-greenland-cave-sediments-contain-a-climate-chan-1846544689

-

Aerial photos show Greenland deltas growing due to climate change***

October 5, 2017

https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/greenland-delta-climate-change-05102017/

-

Massive impact crater beneath Greenland could explain Ice Age climate swing***

November 14, 2018

The serendipitous discovery may just be the best evidence yet of a meteorite causing the mysterious, 1,000-year period known as Younger Dryas.

https://www.astronomy.com/news/2018/11/massive-impact-crater-beneath-greenland-could-explain-ice-age-climate-swing

-

Greenland ice sheet shrinks by record amount - climate study

Apr 15 2020

https://news.abs-cbn.com/overseas/04/15/20/greenland-ice-sheet-shrinks-by-record-amount-climate-study

-

Medieval Warm Period

Some consider the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age, and part of the warming since the Little Ice Age (during the last century) to be the most recent manifestations of the solar cycles.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/medieval-warm-period

-

Climate Change Skeptic: Greenland More Proof There's No Global Warming

05 June 2015

https://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/climate-change-greenland-global-warming/2015/06/05/id/649099/

-

NASA Discovered Something Weird About the Earth’s Gravity

2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzGjOMlTWbA

-

It Will Totally Destroy Earth Even From 1000 Light Years Away

2022

In 2007, astronomers discovered that potent ultra-short radio signals were attacking Earth from all sides. These fast radio bursts last only a millisecond but carry as much energy as the Sun emits in three days!
Some scientists linked those mysterious bursts to magnetars - the most powerful and dangerous magnets in the Universe! Their impact on Earth can be felt even thousands of light-years away. In this video, you’ll find out: how a crack on a magnetar can cause a mass extinction on Earth? Why is it necessary to fire a star cannon to form such an object?
And what will happen to us if we get close to a magnetar?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwaF8vHBhWc

-

Why Did The Earth Totally Freeze For 100 Million Years?

2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vntVVcazJD4

-

Climate scientists uncover new record-low temperature in Greenland

September 28, 2020

https://www.space.com/coldest-day-ever-northern-hemisphere.html

-

Climate scientists uncover new record-low temperature in Greenland

September 28, 2020

https://www.space.com/coldest-day-ever-northern-hemisphere.html

-

Stanford researchers reveal the long-term impacts of extreme melt on Greenland Ice Sheet

April 20, 2021

Researchers have deciphered a trove of data that shows one season of extreme melt can reduce the Greenland Ice Sheet’s capacity to store future meltwater – and increase the likelihood of future melt raising sea levels.

https://news.stanford.edu/2021/04/20/can-extreme-melt-destabilize-ice-sheets/

-

Why a massive Greenland glacier is melting from below

2015

To better understand future sea level rise, NASA and university researchers are working together to produce models of underwater glacier valleys in Greenland.

https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2015/1117/Why-a-massive-Greenland-glacier-is-melting-from-below

-

Greenland’s melting ice sheet: a breakthrough in understanding?

2016

https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2016/0113/Greenland-s-melting-ice-sheet-a-breakthrough-in-understanding

-

Rapid basal melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet from surface meltwater drainage

February 22, 2022

Significance

Subglacial drainage systems control ice sheet flow and the quantity of ice discharged into the ocean. However, these systems are currently poorly characterized, from a lack of direct observations. This shortcoming is problematic, as changes in drainage systems can result in a markedly differently ice sheet response. Here, we present a radar-derived record of basal melt rates with colocated borehole observations, showing unexpectedly warm subglacial conditions beneath a large outlet glacier in West Greenland. The record is unprecedented because the observed basal melt rates are several orders of magnitude higher than predictions and previous estimates. Our observations show that the effect of viscous dissipation from surface meltwater input is by far the largest heat source beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet.

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2116036119

-

The fastest-melting Greenland glacier has made a temporary U-turn

Mar 26, 2019

https://www.axios.com/2019/03/26/fastest-melting-greenland-glacier-abruptly-slows-melt-rate

-

Melting Ice In Greenland Could Expose Serious Pollutants From Buried Army Base

Aug 5, 2016

https://wamu.org/story/16/08/05/melting_ice_in_greenland_could_expose_serious_pollutants_from_buried_army_base/

-

Flow of hot rocks rising from the Earth's core beneath central Greenland is melting the ice from below and contributing to sea-level rise, study finds

8 December 2020

    Experts from Japan mapped the plume of molten rock rising under Greenland
    To do this, they analysed the speed of seismic waves travelling beneath the Earth
    The plume rises from the core-mantle boundary to around a depth of 255 miles
    It also has branched that feed geothermal activity in both Iceland and Jan Mayen

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9029805/Geology-Hot-rock-rising-beneath-central-Greenland-melting-ice-below.html

-

Science Torpedoes Reveal How Greenland Is Melting From Below

2016

Warm, salty currents from the Atlantic Ocean are causing Greenland's ice sheets to melt from the bottom up.

https://www.wired.com/2016/10/science-torpedoes-reveal-greenland-melting/

-

Puzzling Heat from Deep Inside the Earth Is Melting Greenland's Glaciers

1/22/18

https://www.newsweek.com/puzzling-heat-deep-inside-earth-melting-greenlands-glaciers-786943

-

Clouds, like blankets, trap heat and are melting the Greenland Ice Sheet

January 12, 2016

The Greenland Ice Sheet is the second largest ice sheet in the world and it’s melting rapidly, likely driving almost a third of global sea level rise.

A new study shows clouds are playing a larger role in that process than scientists previously believed...

https://news.wisc.edu/clouds-like-blankets-trap-heat-and-are-melting-the-greenland-ice-sheet/

-

Clouds played an important role in the history of climate

2022

Global models show the crucial influence of clouds on changes in Earth’s climate and on conditions for the evolution of life

Were Earth’s oceans completely covered by ice during the Cryogenian period, about 700 million years ago, or was there an ice-free belt of open water around the equator where sponges and other forms of life could survive? Using global climate models, a team of researchers from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the University of Vienna has shown that a climate allowing a waterbelt is unlikely and thus cannot reliably explain the survival of life during the Cryogenian. The reason is the uncertain impact of clouds on the epoch’s climate. The team has presented the results of its study in the journal Nature Geoscience (DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00950-1)...

https://www.kit.edu/kit/english/pi_2022_053_clouds-played-an-important-role-in-the-history-of-climate.php

-

Satellite gravity measurements confirm accelerated melting of Greenland ice sheet

2006 Aug 10

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16902089/

-

Greenland's ice sheets are melting away in nearly every sector of the island

Jan. 4, 2021

https://www.slashgear.com/greenlands-ice-sheets-are-melting-away-in-nearly-every-sector-of-the-island-04653313

-

'A Tipping Point.' Greenland's Ice Is Melting Much Faster Than Previously Thought, Scientists Say

January 21, 2019

https://time.com/5509148/greenland-ice-melting-four-times-faster/

-

By 2100, Greenland will be losing ice at its fastest rate in 12,000 years

September 30, 2020

The rate of loss currently matches the peak reached during a 3,000-year warm period

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/greenland-ice-sheet-melt-sea-level-rise-climate-change

-

Melt-induced speed-up of Greenland ice sheet offset by efficient subglacial drainage

2011

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21270891/

-

Greenland surface air temperature changes from 1981 to 2019 and implications for ice-sheet melt and mass-balance change

26 July 2020

https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.6771

-

Scientists find another threat to Greenland's glaciers lurking beneath the ice

February 4, 2020

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/03/world/greenland-glaciers-melting-underwater/index.html

-

Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Greenland Ice Sheet

2014

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4050608/

-

‘Heat Dome’ Linked To Greenland’s Biggest Melt In 30 Years

Jul 25, 2012

https://wamu.org/story/12/07/25/heat_dome_linked_to_greenlands_biggest_melt_in_30_years/

-

The Effects of Melting Permafrost in Greenland

https://legacy.pulitzercenter.org/projects/effects-melting-permafrost-greenland

-

New NASA Maps Have Very Bad News For Greenland

https://www.inverse.com/article/38026-nasa-map-greenland-glacier-melt

-

Climate Change is causing Greenland, Antarctica to melt 6 times faster than in the 1990s

March 18, 2020

https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/climate-change-melting-greenland-antarctica-ice-sheets-6-times-faster-6318700/

-

Record melt: Greenland lost 586 billion tons of ice in 2019

August 21, 2020

https://technology.inquirer.net/103296/record-melt-greenland-lost-586-billion-tons-of-ice-in-2019

_______________

Interruption of two decades of Jakobshavn Isbrae acceleration and thinning as regional ocean cools

25 March 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0329-3

_______________

Melting Greenland Ice Cap Will Expose Military's Cold War-Era Toxic Waste

August 5, 2016

Study finds that rapidly melting ice will unearth radioactive waste, toxic PCBs, and raw sewage left behind by secret U.S. military base in the 1960s

https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/08/05/melting-greenland-ice-cap-will-expose-militarys-cold-war-era-toxic-waste

-

A 'frozen rainforest' of microscopic life is melting Greenland's ice sheet

2020

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/14/world/microscopic-life-melting-greenland-ice-sheet-c2e-spc-intl/index.html

-

Greenland to halt all oil exploration as it 'takes climate change seriously'

16/07/2021

https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/07/16/greenland-to-halt-all-oil-exploration-as-it-takes-climate-change-seriously

-

Scientists Discover a Mega-Canyon Beneath the Melting Ice Sheets of Greenland

Aug. 30, 2013

Using radar and radio, researchers uncovered a previously unknown canyon that runs down the middle of the frozen continent of Greenland. It could play a role in the dispersion of melting water from the ice sheet.

https://science.time.com/2013/08/30/scientists-discover-a-mega-canyon-beneath-the-melting-ice-sheets-of-greenland/

-

India’s monsoon at risk from Greenland’s melting ice

02/09/09

https://www.scidev.net/global/news/india-s-monsoon-at-risk-from-greenland-s-melting-i/

-

Qinngua Valley, Greenland’s Only Forest

Feb 25, 2019

https://www.amusingplanet.com/2019/02/qinngua-valley-greenlands-only-forest.html

-

Has Arctic Sea Ice Loss Contributed to Increased Surface Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet?

01 May 2016

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/29/9/jcli-d-15-0391.1.xml

-

West Greenland ichthyoplankton and how melting glaciers could allow Arctic cod larvae to survive extreme summer temperatures

14 November 2020

https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/AS-2020-0019

-

Melt in the Greenland EastGRIP ice core reveals Holocene warm events

10 May 2022

https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/18/1011/2022/

-

Mass transport waves amplified by intense Greenland melt and detected in solid Earth deformation

15 May 2017

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017GL073478

-

Bismuth in recent snow from Central Greenland: Preliminary results

1995

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AtmEn..29.1843C/abstract

___________________________

Bismuth in recent snow from Central Greenland: Preliminary results

1995

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/1352231095000587

___________________________

What are Bismuth Crystals?

https://www.fleetscience.org/science-blog/bismuth-crystals

-

Bathymetry of Southeast Greenland From Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG) Data

21 August 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL083953

-

If “Greenland is catastrophically melting”, how do alarmists explain NASA’s growing Greenland glacier?

2019

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2019/06/19/if-greenland-is-catastrophically-melting-how-do-alarmists-explain-nasas-growing-greenland-glacier/

-

Greenland Ice Melt Geothermal, Not Man-made

2014

http://www.plateclimatology.com/greenland-ice-melt-geothermal-not-man-made

-

Algae growth reduces reflectivity, enhances Greenland ice sheet melting

20 December 2017

https://news.agu.org/press-release/algae-growth-reduces-reflectivity-enhances-greenland-ice-sheet-melting/

-

-

A Greenland glacier is growing. That doesn't mean melting is over.

March 25, 2019

A pulse of cooler water at its edge let part of the glacier gain some mass. But overall, the melting across Greenland continues apace.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/one-part-of-greenland-ice-growing

-

Greenland’s most critical glacier is suddenly gaining ice, but that might not be a good thing

March 28, 2019

https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/27/world/climate-change-greenland-glacier-growing-wxc-trnd/index.html

-

Greenland and Antarctica are gaining ice inland, but still losing it overall

April 30, 2020

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/greenland-antarctica-are-gaining-ice-inland-losing-melting-overall

-

Major Greenland Glacier Is Growing

June 6, 2019

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145185/major-greenland-glacier-is-growing

-

Enough ice melted in Greenland on Tuesday to cover Florida in two inches of water, scientists warn

2021

The impacts of human-caused climate change are especially pronounced in the Arctic, which is warming three times faster than the global average.

https://news.sky.com/story/enough-ice-melted-in-greenland-on-tuesday-to-cover-florida-in-two-inches-of-water-scientists-warn-12367747

-

Vikings may have fled Greenland to escape rising seas (Debated)

December 20, 2021

A rapidly changing climate might have brought an end to Nordic life on the island

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/vikings-greenland-rising-sea-level-climate

-

Newly documented population of polar bears in Southeast Greenland sheds light on the species’ future in a warming Arctic

June 16, 2022

https://www.washington.edu/news/2022/06/16/se-greenland-polar-bears/

-

-

Giant Prehistoric Crater in Greenland May Shed Light Upon Climate After Death of Dinosaurs

2022

https://sputniknews.com/20220314/giant-prehistoric-crater-in-greenland-may-shed-light-upon-climate-after-death-of-dinosaurs-1093847001.html

-

Ancient clues in remote Greenland cave help gauge climate change

2022

How can humanity understand and prepare for an uncertain future on a warmer and wetter Earth? Researcher Gina Moseley, a Rolex Awards for Enterprise Laureate, thinks she has the answer

https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2022-04-29-ancient-clues-in-remote-greenland-cave-help-gauge-climate-change/

-

Tracking the Cracks in Greenland's ice Sheet

2011

https://archive.nytimes.com/green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/19/tracking-the-cracks-in-greenlands-ice-sheet/

-

Time will tell if this is a record summer for Greenland ice melt, but the pattern over the past 20 years is clear

2019

http://science.anu.edu.au/news-events/news/time-will-tell-if-record-summer-greenland-ice-melt-pattern-over-past-20-years

-

Roker ‘Thrilled’ By NBC’s Climate Unit, Hypes ‘Crisis’ in Greenland

September 16th, 2019

https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/nb/kyle-drennen/2019/09/16/roker-thrilled-nbcs-climate-unit-hypes-crisis-greenland

-

The role of an interactive Greenland ice sheet in the coupled climate-ice sheet model EC-Earth-PISM

2022

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/7809608

-

'Massive melting event' strikes Greenland after record heat wave

August 02, 2021

https://www.livescience.com/greenland-massive-melting-event

-

Greenland Is Melting, And A New Model Suggests We've Greatly Underestimated Its Impact

21 November 2020

https://www.sciencealert.com/the-see-could-rise-by-more-than-7-metres-if-greenland-just-keeps-melting

-

Greenland stops oil and gas exploration, climate costs 'too high'

2021

Prospectors for new oil and gas reserves in Greenland can forget it: The arctic island government plans to stop issuing new licenses, saying it takes the "climate crisis seriously."

https://www.dw.com/en/greenland-stops-oil-and-gas-exploration-climate-costs-too-high/a-58294024

-

Greenland's ice is melting from the bottom up -- and far faster than previously thought, study shows

2022b

https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/22/world/greenland-ice-melting-sea-level-rise-climate-intl-scli-scn/index.html

-

How the melting Arctic could lead to huge riches—but also a world war

June 25, 2022

https://nypost.com/2022/06/25/how-the-melting-arctic-could-lead-to-huge-richesand-world-war/

-

Early Archean serpentine mud volcanoes at Isua, Greenland, as a niche for early life.

2011

https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/3203773

-

Is Antarctica Losing Ice or Gaining It?

November 5, 2015

Scientists are wary of new research showing more ice on frozen continent

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-antarctica-losing-ice-or-gaining-it/

-

Ice Gains In Some Parts Of Antarctica Aren't Offsetting Its Losses [Infographic]

2019

In the past week or so I have been reading a few articles and social media posts on the subject of Antarctica gaining ice mass. The articles are talking about information from a study released by NASA in 2015 showing that snowfall on the Eastern part of the continent is more than enough to offset the melting of glaciers in the West. The social media posts have been talking about how this proves that climate change was a hoax all along. After all, how can sea levels be rising from glaciers melting if Antarctica is gaining mass year after year? I took some time to research the issue and read the actual study and today I thought I would take some time and write a few paragraphs to help set the record straight on this topic.

The study in question

In 2015 a study was published by NASA, the lead author was Jay Zwally, a glaciologist with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The study showed evidence that Antarctica had experienced a net gain of 112 billion tons of ice annually between 1992 and 2001 and a gain of 82 billion tons annually between 2003 and 2008. This information was not at all in line with previous findings on the subject which insisted that Antarctica has been losing ice mass because of global warming.

These new findings were based on data that came from studying changes in the surface height of the Antarctic ice sheet using radar altimeters. The data was collected using two European Space Agency European Remote Sensing satellites and NASA’s Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite.

Basically, the study shows that gains in snowfall in East Antarctica are more than enough to offset the losses from melting glaciers on the West side of the continent. These gains were not just in recent years but had been the result of increased snowfall over the past 10,000 years or since the last ice age. The study goes on to say that sea levels cannot be rising because of glaciers melting in Antarctica because its actually gaining ice.

Issues with the study

This information came as a bit of a shock. After all the International Panel on Climate Change had been releasing reports for a long time stating that Antarctica has been losing mass and causing sea levels to rise. With this study saying the opposite it’s clear that somebody had to be wrong. With that in mind, the scientific community was cautious with this new information.

Since 2015 scientists have had a chance to look over the data and have had time to do a few follow-up studies and the results are clear.

It is agreed among scientists studying the situation that the Eastern area is gaining a lot of ice due to thousands of years of continued snowfall. However, measuring the size of that gain can be difficult at best. The major issues with Zwally’s study are that it used altimeter data from satellites, which is subject to systematic errors such as snowpack penetration and telling the difference between snow that is on the ground and snow that is still falling. Also, in order to calibrate their measurements, Zwally’s team bounced lasers of the Southern Ocean which may not have been reliable...

https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinanderton/2019/02/21/ice-gains-in-some-parts-of-antarctica-arent-offsetting-its-losses-infographic/?sh=5dfca5cc7030

-

Synchronous Retreat of Southeast Greenland's Peripheral Glaciers

2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022GL097756

-

Climate change: For 25th year in a row, Greenland ice sheet shrinks

7 January 2022

https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/01/1109352

landlock of arctic charr

https://malokss.kennesawglass.com/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-enforcement/notifications/century-mining-fisheries-act-violations.html

The tortuous path of China’s win-win strategy in Greenland

March 24, 2020

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/tortuous-path-china-win-win-strategy-greenland/

section archea

--

___________________________

Archaea: 27 Characteristics Of These Most Ancient Organisms

January 2, 2020

https://earthlife.net/prokaryotes/archaea

___________________________

Archaeal distribution and abundance in water masses of the Arctic Ocean, Pacific sector

2013

https://www.int-res.com/articles/ame_oa/a069p101.pdf

___________________________

Archaea Family Tree Blossoms, Thanks to Genomics

Jun 1, 2018

Identification of new archaea species elucidates the domain’s unique biology and sheds light on its relationship to eukaryotes.

https://www.the-scientist.com/features/archaea-family-tree-blossoms-thanks-to-genomics-36643

___________________________

Arctic Life/Bacteria

https://arcticbioscan.ca/wiki/w/Arctic_Life/Bacteria

___________________________

The Influence of Vegetation Type on the Dominant Soil Bacteria, Archaea, and Fungi in a Low Arctic Tundra Landscape

01 September 2011

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/sssaj2011.0057

___________________________

Archaea in a hyper-arid polar desert

January 12, 2010

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0912316107

___________________________

Archaea and the meaning of life

10 May 2016

https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past-issues/what-is-life/article/archaea-and-the-meaning-of-life-what-is-life.html

___________________________

Unique archaeal assemblages in the Arctic Ocean unveiled by massively parallel tag sequencing.

26 Mar 2009

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19322244

___________________________

Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea in Arctic Tundra Soils

2013

https://archaea.univie.ac.at/research/christa-schleper-lab/former-projects/oxidizing-archaea-in-arctic-tundra-soils/

___________________________

Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic coastal waters

2009

https://www.academia.edu/6716292/Ammonia_oxidizing_Archaea_in_the_Arctic_Ocean_and_Antarctic_coastal_waterse_mi_1974_2434_2445

___________________________

Global warming in the Canadian arctic

November 18, 2013

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131118160037.htm

___________________________

Declining fungal diversity in Arctic freshwaters along a permafrost thaw gradient

30 August 2021

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15852

___________________________

Response of an Arctic Sediment Nitrogen Cycling Community to Increased CO2

2013

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/response-of-an-arctic-sediment-nitrogen-cycling-community-to-increased-nfauxd9uoR

___________________________

Unique archaeal assemblages in the Arctic Ocean unveiled by massively parallel tag sequencing

26 March 2009

https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej200923/

___________________________

Asgard (archaea)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)

___________________________

Archaeal amoA and ureC genes and their transcriptional activity in the Arctic Ocean

2014 Apr 11

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983602/

___________________________

Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic coastal waters

August 2009

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26670591_Ammonia-oxidizing_Archaea_in_the_Arctic_Ocean_and_Antarctic_coastal_waters

___________________________

Compendium of 530 metagenome-assembled bacterial and archaeal genomes from the polar Arctic Ocean

15 November 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-021-00979-9

___________________________

Bacterial respiration and abundance affect life in the Arctic Ocean

2022

https://www.polar.se/en/news/2022/bacterial-respiration-and-abundance-affect-life-in-the-arctic-ocean/

___________________________

Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic coastal waters

04 September 2009

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01974.x

___________________________

Role for urea in nitrification by polar marine Archaea

2012 Oct 1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497816/

___________________________

Ammonia Oxidation by the Arctic Terrestrial Thaumarchaeote Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus arcticus Is Stimulated by Increasing Temperatures

2019

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01571/full

___________________________

Archaeal communities of Arctic methane-containing permafrost

June 2016

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304032919_Archaeal_communities_of_Arctic_methane-containing_permafrost

___________________________

Archaea vs. Bacteria: What Are the Differences?

July 18, 2021

https://www.treehugger.com/archaea-vs-bacteria-5190902

___________________________

Methanogenic archaea in Arctic soils from Spitsbergen, Norway (78 N)

2006

https://www.academia.edu/21488649/Methanogenic_archaea_in_Arctic_soils_from_Spitsbergen_Norway_78_N_

___________________________

Vertical profile and components of marine planktonic archaea in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Oceean

December 2011

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMOS31A1605A/abstract

___________________________

___________________________

Contribution of archaea and bacteria in sustaining climate change by oxidizing ammonia and sulfur in an Arctic Fjord

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754320320024

___________________________

Archaea in Arctic Thermokarst Lake Sediments

December 2011

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.B43C0312M/abstract

___________________________

Arctic Life/Protista**

The kingdom Protista has long been the repository for all life forms that possess the cellular structures typical of eukaryotes (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts), but look different from animals, fungi, or plants. It is now recognized that many of the traditional members of this kingdom need to be assigned elsewhere. In fact, there is good agreement that its members need to be subdivided into two groups – the kingdom Chromista and the kingdom Protozoa. As well, a number of other "traditional" protists have been assigned to the kingdom Plantae (e.g., green algae, red algae) or to the kingdom Fungi (e.g., Pneumocystis) based on genetic studies. However, because the process of revising the classification of protists is a work in progress, we have continued to place all of these groups in a single kingdom, retaining the name Protista. In an effort to simplify the discussion of this immensely diverse group of organisms, we have separated information on four broadly recognized groups of protists: algae, oomycetes, protozoans, and slime moulds.

Northern Algae & Allies

Three groups of protists dominate arctic environments: algae, oomycetes, and protozoans. We have compiled a list of major protist phylums which you may encounter in the Canadian Arctic. Please explore the pages below to learn more about protists and their impacts on Northern ecosystems.

    Algae
        Diatoms
        Euglenoids
        Green Algae
        Brown Algae
        Dinoflagellates
        Red Algae
    Water Moulds - Phylum Oomycota
        Freshwater Oomycetes
        Marine Oomycetes
        Terrestrial Oomycetes
    Protozoa
        Amoebae
        Ciliates

https://arcticbioscan.ca/wiki/w/Arctic_Life/Protista

___________________________

Communities and diversities of bacteria and Archaea in Arctic seawater

2018

http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/issues/v19/n04/ffar3147.pdf

___________________________

Ecology of the rare microbial biosphere of the Arctic Ocean

December 29, 2009

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0908284106

___________________________

Mapping the Uncharted Diversity of Arctic Marine Microbes

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/15arctic-microbes/background/dna-classification/dna-classification.html

___________________________

Quantification of methanogenic Archaea within Baltic Sea copepod faecal pellets

29 September 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-020-03759-x

___________________________

Urea uptake and carbon fixation by marine pelagic bacteria and archaea during the Arctic summer and winter seasons.

2014

How Arctic climate change might translate into alterations of biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) with respect to inorganic and organic N utilization is not well understood. This study combined 15N uptake rate measurements for ammonium, nitrate, and urea with 15N- and 13C-based DNA stable-isotope probing (SIP). The objective was to identify active bacterial and archeal plankton and their role in N and C uptake during the Arctic summer and winter seasons. We hypothesized that bacteria and archaea would successfully compete for nitrate and urea during the Arctic winter but not during the summer, when phytoplankton dominate the uptake of these nitrogen sources. Samples were collected at a coastal station near Barrow, AK, during August and January. During both seasons, ammonium uptake rates were greater than those for nitrate or urea, and nitrate uptake rates remained lower than those for ammonium or urea. SIP experiments indicated a strong seasonal shift of bacterial and archaeal N utilization from ammonium during the summer to urea during the winter but did not support a similar seasonal pattern of nitrate utilization. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from each SIP fraction implicated marine group I Crenarchaeota (MGIC) as well as Betaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, SAR11, and SAR324 in N uptake from urea during the winter. Similarly, 13C SIP data suggested dark carbon fixation for MGIC, as well as for several proteobacterial lineages and the Firmicutes. These data are consistent with urea-fueled nitrification by polar archaea and bacteria, which may be advantageous under dark conditions.

https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4178671

___________________________

Remarkably diverse and contrasting archaeal communities in a large arctic river and the coastal Arctic Ocean

2006

https://www.int-res.com/articles/ame2006/44/a044p115.pdf

___________________________

Marine Group-II archaea dominate particle-attached as well as free-living archaeal assemblages in the surface waters of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Arctic Ocean

10 March 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-021-01547-1

___________________________

AMMONIA-OXIDIZING ARCHAEA FROM HIGH ARCTIC SOILS

2011

https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/4027/1/ulfc090822_tm_Ricardo_Alves.pdf

___________________________

The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic bacteria

2001

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Archaea-and-the-deeply-branching-and-bacteria-Boone-Castenholz/62d2a26e4afd77c16325adcf73c5df77558213f5

___________________________

Primordial 'Asgard' Lifeform Has Been Successfully Grown in The Lab****

17 January 2020

When scientists ran DNA analysis on a sediment core taken from the floor of the Arctic ocean back in 2010, they found something surprising. A previously unknown organism belonging to the strange domain of microbes called Archaea appeared to have genomic characteristics associated with a totally different domain - Eukaryota.

They named their discovery Lokiarchaeota, after the Loki's Castle hydrothermal vent near Greenland where it was found; but doubt shadowed the finding. Could the sample have been contaminated by something else in the core?

Now, thanks to the work of Japanese scientists, those doubts can be put to rest. For the first time, they have isolated Lokiarchaeota, and grown it in a lab.

That means, for the first time, researchers can closely study and interact with living Lokiarchaeota, which could help us to find our very first ancestors on this incredible blue planet. Their research was released last year and has now been published in the journal Nature.

The tree of life, at its base, is divided into three domains. One of those is occupied by bacteria - single-celled microbes that don't have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and get around by waving hair-like structures called flagella. Another is eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have nuclei and membranes. That domain includes us humans, animals, plants, and algae.

And then there are archaea. These are a lot like bacteria, in that they lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, and get around using flagella. But there are a few key differences. They divide differently. Their cell walls are made of slightly different stuff. And their RNA is different enough to separate them on the phylogenetic tree.

But then along came Lokiarchaeota - followed by other archaea specimens that had eukaryotic characteristics. These were named Thorarchaeota, Odinarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota (to follow the same naming convention).

Collectively, they are called the Asgard archaea, and some scientists think they could be the origin of eukaryotic life - perhaps after an Asgard-like archaeon swallowed up a bacterium.

But it's hard to tell without studying the organisms in isolated detail. This is where the Japanese scientists come in. They retrieved a sediment core from the seabed in the Nankai Trough, 2,533 metres (8,310 feet) below sea level, in 2006.

This was before anyone knew about Asgard archaea. Only later, an RNA analysis of their rich sample revealed the presence of a Lokiarchaeota-like organism.

When the team started their work, they didn't know this yet. They carefully cultivated their samples for five years, in a methane-fed continuous-flow bioreactor system designed to mimic the conditions of a deep-sea methane vent. Very slowly, the microbes multiplied.

The next step was to place samples from the bioreactor in glass tubes with nutrients to keep them fed and growing. There they sat for another year, finally starting to develop a very faint population of Lokiarchaeota.

Then, the team invested even more time into isolating, cultivating and growing this slow-dividing population. Common bacteiral populations usually take about half an hour to double. Lokiarchaeota took 20 days.

"Repeated subcultures … gradually enriched the archaeon with extremely slow growth rate and low cell yield," the researchers wrote in their paper.

"The culture consistently had 30-60 days of lag phase and required over 3 months to reach full growth [..] Variation of cultivation temperatures, and substrate combinations and concentrations did not significantly improve the lag phase, growth rate or cell yield."

In all, the experiment took 12 years. The researchers named their cultivated microbe Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum - after Prometheus, the ancient Greek mythological Titan who was credited with creating humans out of clay.

They made several curious findings. The first is that Prometheoarchaeum would only grow in the presence of one or two other microbes, the archaeon Methanogenium and the bacterium Halodesulfovibrio. When Prometheoarchaeum breaks down amino acids into food, it produces hydrogen, which the other microbes eat.

If the hydrogen was allowed to hang around, the experiments revealed, this could further hinder Prometheoarchaeum's already slow growth, indicating the archaea has a symbiotic relationship with other microbes, in this case syntrophic - meaning the growth of one species or both depends on what the other eats.

Then, when the organism was examined under an electron microscope, it revealed an unusual shape for an archaeon - long tentacles sprouting from its body, within which its partner microbes nestled. When oxygen started increasing on Earth, the researchers hypothesised, this organism could have switched to a relationship with bacteria that used oxygen, increasing its chances of survival, and setting out on the path to eukaryotic life.

And indeed, DNA sequencing revealed the eukaryotic characteristics seen in other Asgard archaea...

Obviously more work needs to be done. Prometheoarchaeum might be quite different from the archaea of billions of years ago. And it's far from definitive proof that eukaryotes evolved from archaea.

https://www.sciencealert.com/primordial-asgard-lifeform-has-been-successfully-grown-in-the-lab

___________________________

Role for urea in nitrification by polar marine Archaea

October 1, 2012

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1201914109

___________________________

State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report: chapter 3.2: Plankton

https://caff.is/marine/marine-monitoring-publications/state-of-the-arctic-marine-biodiversity-report/424-state-of-the-arctic-marine-biodiversity-report-chapter-3-2-plankton

___________________________

Standing stocks and activity of Archaea and Bacteria in the western Arctic Ocean

15 March 2007

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0495

___________________________

Marine archaea and archaeal viruses under global change

2017

https://f1000research.com/articles/6-1241

___________________________

Ammonia‐oxidizing Archaea in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic coastal waters

2009

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/ammonia-oxidizing-archaea-in-the-arctic-ocean-and-antarctic-coastal-vVdaeu0QaH

___________________________

Bacteria and Archaea biodiversity in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems affected by climate change in Northern Siberia

June 6, 2019

https://www.gbif.org/dataset/3f922dfb-0b72-4130-933a-a2f4beb3eef7

___________________________

Archaeal nitrification is a key driver of high nitrous oxide emissions from arctic peatlands

2019

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/6536649

___________________________

Anaerobic respiration pathways and response to increased substrate availability of Arctic wetland soils

2020

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/em/d0em00124d#!

___________________________

Archaeal nitrification is a key driver of high nitrous oxide emissions from arctic peatlands

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0038071719302032

___________________________

Persistence of bacterial and archaeal communities insea ice through an Arctic winter

2010

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02179.x

___________________________

Anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea offset sediment methane concentrations in Arctic thermokarst lagoons

June 20, 2022

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496783v1

___________________________

Methane munchers: how will increases in ocean temperatures affect methane-eating archaea?

January 31, 2022

https://oceanbites.org/methane-munchers-archaea/

___________________________

Archaea Domain

March 13, 2019

Extreme Microscopic Organisms

https://www.thoughtco.com/archaea-373417

___________________________

Sequenced genes (ureC gene) and a metagenome from Archaea in Arctic and Antarctic marine environments

January 31, 2019

https://www.gbif.org/dataset/53fb0f04-3ba5-4fe8-8ea4-0511914bd0c3

___________________________

How Methanogenic Archaea Contribute to Climate Change

May 6, 2022

https://asm.org/Articles/2022/May/How-Methanogenic-Archaea-Contribute-to-Climate-Cha

___________________________

Archaeal ancestors of eukaryotes: not so elusive any more

05 October 2015

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-015-0194-5

___________________________

Complete genome sequence of Arcticibacterium luteifluviistationis SM1504T, a cytophagaceae bacterium isolated from Arctic surface seawater****

26 November 2018

Abstract

https://environmentalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-018-0335-x

___________________________

Inspecting the genomic link between Archaea and Eukaryota

2017

https://merenlab.org/2017/01/03/loki-the-link-archaea-eukaryota/

___________________________

Pelagic Archaea in the changing coastal Arctic (PACCA)

2006

https://www.narcis.nl/research/RecordID/OND1339723

___________________________

Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic coastal waters

2009 Jul 6

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19601959/

-

Microbes found at bottom of ocean are our long-lost relatives

6 May 2015

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630204-000-microbes-found-at-bottom-of-ocean-are-our-long-lost-relatives/

___________________________

Genomic mechanisms for cold tolerance and production of exopolysaccharides in the Arctic cyanobacterium Phormidesmis priestleyi BC1401

02 August 2016

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-016-2846-4

___________________________

___________________________

Microbial metabarcoding surveys (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota) of the arctic marine environment

2019

https://obis.org/dataset/7b582a46-8c4d-4616-93d1-1643c3962dd7

___________________________

The Crenarchaeota: Lovers of Extreme Temperatures

January 3, 2020

https://earthlife.net/prokaryotes/crenarchaeota

___________________________

Adaption to life at high salt concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

17 August 2005

https://aquaticbiosystems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-1448-1-6

___________________________

How ethane-consuming archaea pick up their favorite dish

July 26, 2021

Scientists decode structure of the enzyme responsible for ethane fixation

U.S. National Science Foundation-funded researchers have discovered ethane-degrading microbes at hydrothermal vents in the Gulf of California's Guaymas Basin at a water depth of 2,000 meters. The results are published in the journal Science.

"Many new discoveries are being made in the oceans, and this unique microbial metabolism of a natural hydrocarbon shows there is still more to learn," says Mike Sieracki, a program director in NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences.

The researchers named the microbes Ethanoperedens thermophilum, meaning "heat-loving ethane-eaters." The ethane is consumed by microorganisms that form a so-called consortium: archaea, which break down the natural gas, and bacteria, which couple the electrons released in the process to the reduction of sulfate, an abundant compound in the ocean.

Some natural gas components such as propane or butane can be broken down by bacteria alone. But to degrade the main components of natural gas -- methane and ethane – the two organisms are necessary.

The discovery of the ethane-eating microbes has brought a new direction to research in this field. Compared to microbes eating methane, which normally take a lot of time to grow, these ethane specialists grow much faster, doubling every week, the scientists found. Biomass production time is reduced, and reactions are faster in key enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of natural gas.

The enzyme structure shows how these microbes from geothermally active vents became specialized in ethane capture. The work is leading to a deeper understanding of the first step in ethane degradation, the only source of energy for the archaea, the scientists say. The finding that the enzyme responsible has specific traits for recognizing ethane is a big step forward, the researchers believe.

https://beta.nsf.gov/news/how-ethane-consuming-archaea-pick-their-favorite-dish

___________________________

A New Role for Marine Archaea

Jul 1, 2016

Researchers discover acetogenesis in archaea, suggesting an important role for these little-studied organisms in generating organic carbon below the seafloor.

https://www.the-scientist.com/the-literature/a-new-role-for-marine-archaea-33267

___________________________

Discerning autotrophy, mixotrophy and heterotrophyin marine TACK archaea from the North Atlantic TACK archaea from the North Atlantic

2018

https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2591&context=vimsarticles

___________________________

Nitrification rates in Arctic soils are associated with functionally distinct populations of ammonia-oxidizing archaea

2014

https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2014/EGU2014-12734.pdf

___________________________

Soil warming and fertilization altered rates of nitrogen transformation processes and selected for adapted ammonia-oxidizing archaea in sub-arctic grassland soil

2016

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/359053

___________________________

Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic

2013

https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/22247/

___________________________

Archaea of the Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group are abundant, diverse and widespread in marine sediments

2012

http://dmoserv3.whoi.edu/data_docs/IODP_347/Archaea%20of%20the%20Miscellaneous%20Crenarchaeotal%20Group%20are%20abundant,%20diverse%20and%20widespread%20in%20marine%20sediments.pdf

___________________________

The Polar Night Shift: Annual Dynamics and Drivers of Microbial Community Structure in the Arctic Ocean

April 10, 2021

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.436999v2.full

___________________________

Microbial metagenome-assembled genomes of the Fram Strait from short and long read sequencing platforms

June 30, 2021

https://peerj.com/articles/11721/

___________________________

Mesacs: A Multi-Method Environmental Study Over The Arctic Chukchi Sea

2019-01-01

https://scholarworks.utep.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&context=open_etd

___________________________

Soil warming and fertilization altered rates of nitrogen transformation processes and selected for adapted ammonia-oxidizing archaea in sub-arctic grassland soil

2017

https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/soil-warming-and-fertilization-altered-rates-of-nitrogen-transfor

___________________________

Anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea offset sediment methane concentrations in Arctic thermokarst lagoons

2022

https://www.reddit.com/r/biorxiv/comments/vh4sy8/anaerobic_methane_oxidizing_archaea_offset/

___________________________

Zeroing in on the last common ancestor of all complex cells

4/10/2016

Your distant ancestors may have belonged to a group called Lokiarchaea.

https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/04/zeroing-in-on-the-last-common-ancestor-of-all-complex-cells/

___________________________

Linkages between geochemistry and microbiology in a proglacial terrain in the High Arctic

04 March 2019

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/linkages-between-geochemistry-and-microbiology-in-a-proglacial-terrain-in-the-high-arctic/25FC48996C28206ACF3A36651AED29D6

___________________________

Active lithoautotrophic and methane-oxidizing microbial community in an anoxic, sub-zero, and hypersaline High Arctic spring

2022

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/293600

___________________________

Asgard archaea: Diversity, function, and evolutionary implications in a range of microbiomes

2019

https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/microbiol.2019.1.48

___________________________

Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments

2018

https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602018000100504

___________________________

Oligonucleotide primers, probes and molecular methods for the environmental monitoring of methanogenic archaea

2011

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00239.x

___________________________

Crenarcaea and Crenarceaota

https://classifyinglivingorganisms.weebly.com/crenarchaea-and-crenarchaeota.html

___________________________

Permafrost thawing exhibits a greater influence on bacterial richness and community structure than permafrost age in Arctic permafrost soils

11 Nov 2020

Abstract

Global warming accelerates permafrost thawing and changes its microbial community structure, but little is known about how microorganisms in permafrost with different ages respond to thawing. Herein, we disentangled the relative importance of permafrost age (young, medium-aged, old, and ancient, spanning from 50 to 5000 years) and thawing status (active, transitional, and permanently frozen) in shaping bacterial community structure using HiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results revealed significant influences of both permafrost thawing and age on bacterial richness. The bacterial richness was significantly higher in the young and thawed permafrost, and the richness increase was mainly observed in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Deltaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria. Permafrost thawing led to a gradual change in bacterial community structure and increased contribution of determinism. Permutational analysis of variance demonstrated that thawing significantly changed bacterial community structure at all soil ages, but the community convergence due to permafrost thawing was not observed. Structural equation modeling revealed that permafrost thawing exhibited a greater influence on both bacterial richness and community structure than permafrost age. Our results indicate that microorganisms in permafrost with different ages respond differently to thawing, which eventually leads to distinct bacterial community compositions and different organic carbon decomposition processes in Arctic permafrost.

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/3907/2020/

___________________________

Isolation and complete genome sequence of the thermophilic Geobacillus sp. 12AMOR1 from an Arctic deep-sea hydrothermal vent site

2016

https://environmentalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0137-y

___________________________

Scientists Discover Viruses That Infect Archaea

JUN 28, 2022

https://www.labroots.com/trending/cell-and-molecular-biology/23074/scientists-discover-viruses-infect-archaea

___________________________

Archaea in boreal Swedish lakes are diverse, dominated by Woesearchaeota and follow deterministic community assembly

2020

https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/24548/

___________________________

Microbes in extreme environments

04-23-2019

https://www.encyclopedie-environnement.org/en/life/microbes-in-extreme-environments/

___________________________

Structure and diversity of bacterial, eukaryotic and archaeal communities in glacial cryoconite holes from the Arctic and the Antarctic

2012

http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/215731/

___________________________

___________________________

Importance of particle-associated bacterial heterotrophy in a coastal Arctic ecosystem

2008

https://www.cen.ulaval.ca/warwickvincent/PDFfiles/242.pdf

___________________________

Archaeal ammonia oxidizers respond to soil factors at smaller spatial scales than the overall archaeal community does in a high arctic polar oasis

2016

https://research.wit.ie/en/publications/archaeal-ammonia-oxidizers-respond-to-soil-factors-at-smaller-spa-5

___________________________

Vertical stratification of bacteria and archaea in sediments of a small boreal humic lake

2019

https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/63621

___________________________

Nitrification rates in Arctic soils are associated with functionally distinct populations of ammonia-oxidizing archaea

07 March 2013

https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej201335

-

Examples of Archaebacteria With Their Scientific Name & Classification

April 23, 2018

https://sciencing.com/examples-archaebacteria-scientific-name-classification-16044.html

___________________________

The 'intraterrestrials': New viruses discovered in ocean depths

March 23, 2015

Viruses infect methane-eating archaea beneath the seafloor

https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=134312

___________________________

Bacteria and Archaea biodiversity in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems affected by climate change in Northern Siberia

13 June 2019

https://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource?r=methanobase&v=1.4

___________________________

Poles Apart: Arctic and Antarctic Octadecabacter strains Share High Genome Plasticity and a New Type of Xanthorhodopsin

May 6, 2013

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0063422

___________________________

Extremophiles and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life

5 Jul 2004

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/153110702762027862

___________________________

Never-before-seen microbes in Arctic could aid search for life on Mars

Jun 26, 2022

https://interestingengineering.com/never-before-seen-microbes-in-arctic-could-aid-search-for-life-on-mars

___________________________

Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistoceneand Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic

2012

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2011GB004238

___________________________

Holocene dynamics of the Arctic's largest ice shelf

2011

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223438/

-

Climate change impacts on methane hydrates

2010

https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-1/ocean-chemistry/climate-change-and-methane-hydrates/

___________________________

Huge Ancient Methane Seeps Discovered in the Canadian High Arctic

2017

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2017/04/14/huge-ancient-methane-seeps-discovered-in-the-canadian-high-arctic/

___________________________

9

-

World's Tallest Tsunami

A tsunami with a record run-up height of 1720 feet occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska

On the night of July 9, 1958, an earthquake along the Fairweather Fault in the Alaska Panhandle loosened about 40 million cubic yards (30.6 million cubic meters) of rock high above the northeastern shore of Lituya Bay. This mass of rock plunged from an altitude of approximately 3000 feet (914 meters) down into the waters of Gilbert Inlet (see map below). The impact force of the rockfall generated a local tsunami that crashed against the southwest shoreline of Gilbert Inlet.

The wave hit with such power that it swept completely over the spur of land that separates Gilbert Inlet from the main body of Lituya Bay. The wave then continued down the entire length of Lituya Bay, over La Chaussee Spit and into the Gulf of Alaska. The force of the wave removed all trees and vegetation from elevations as high as 1720 feet (524 meters) above sea level. Millions of trees were uprooted and swept away by the wave. This is the highest runup ever recorded for a tsunami.

https://geology.com/records/biggest-tsunami.shtml

___________________________

‘It Could Happen Anytime’: Scientists Warn of Alaska Tsunami Threat

2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/climate/alaska-landslide-tsunami.html

___________________________

Tsunamis in Alaska

https://earthquake.alaska.edu/about-tsunamis-alaska

___________________________

A future landslide-triggered tsunami in Greenland could be a lot bigger than experts first thought

May 13, 2021

https://www.arctictoday.com/a-future-landslide-triggered-tsunami-in-greenland-could-be-a-lot-bigger-than-experts-first-thought/

___________________________

The ‘Ice Tsunami’ That Buried a Whole Herd of Weird Arctic Mammals

January 18, 2018

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/01/the-ice-tsunami-that-entombed-the-arctics-weirdest-mammal/550808/

___________________________

Sulzberger Bay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzberger_Bay

___________________________

'New' bacteria in Antarctic lake actually just contamination, say scientists

March 12, 2013

Last week, a Russian news outlet reported the discovery of a new type of microbe discovered in Antarctica's Lake Vostok. But now scientists say that the bacteria is just contamination.

https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0312/New-bacteria-in-Antarctic-lake-actually-just-contamination-say-scientists

......

---

--

Rare Bacteria Known to Survive Solely on Air in Antarctica, Now Found Elsewhere

Aug 21, 2020

https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/26976/20200821/rare-bacteria-found-antarctica-breathes-eats-air-present-elsewhere.htm

___________________________

Advances in Chilean Antarctic Science

2013

https://www.inach.cl/inach/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ILAIA-3.pdf

___________________________

Molecular diversity of bacteria in Antarctic and Arctic soils

2015

https://eprints.um.edu.my/15085/

---

Antarctica – a land of extremes

https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/326-antarctic-life-and-ecosystems

Antarctica

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica

-

Former Navy Officer Tells Us What He Saw While Diving In The Arctic

2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqI7YjdQTMg

Alaska's new climate threat: tsunamis linked to melting permafrost

18 Oct 2020

Scientists are warning of a link between rapid warming and landslides that could threaten towns and tourist attractions

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/18/alaska-climate-change-tsunamis-melting-permafrost

___________________________

Arctic tsunamis threaten coastal landscapes and communities – survey of Karrat Isfjord 2017 tsunami effects in Nuugaatsiaq, western Greenland

2020

https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/20/2521/2020/

___________________________

More than one ocean motion determines tsunami size

April 14, 2017

Giant wave forecasts need to take into account horizontal motion on sloped seafloors

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/more-one-ocean-motion-determines-tsunami-size

___________________________

Natural catastrophe in Greenland caused by tsunami

2017

https://www.icenews.is/2017/06/20/natural-catastrophe-in-greenland-caused-by-tsunami/

3333

-

Methane nibbling bacteria are more active during summer

5. May 2021

https://cage.uit.no/2021/05/05/methane-nibbling-bacteria-are-more-active-during-summer/

___________________________

Bacteria sleep 100 million years in the Arctic Ocean

2018

https://scienceinfo.net/bacteria-sleep-100-million-years-in-the-arctic-ocean.html

___________________________

Bacterial Activity at −2 to −20°C in Arctic Wintertime Sea Ice

2004

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC321258/

___________________________

Arctic bacteria found multiplying at record –15 C

2013

Microbes offer clues about possible life on Mars

https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/arctic-bacteria-found-multiplying-at-record-15-c-1.1362819

___________________________

Scientists Found 'Superbugs' in Remote Arctic Wilderness

Jan 29, 2019

The antibiotic-resistant bacteria were first found in India a decade ago, and took only a few years to travel 8,000 miles to one of the most remote parts of the globe.

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a26069745/superbugs-remote-arctic-wilderness/

___________________________

Genes linked to antibiotic-resistant superbugs found in Arctic

2019

Discovery of genes, possibly carried by birds or humans, shows rapid spread of crisis

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jan/28/genes-linked-to-antibiotic-resistant-superbugs-found-in-arctic

-

Bacteria feeding on Arctic algae blooms can seed clouds*****

August 29, 2019

New research finds Arctic Ocean currents and storms are moving bacteria from ocean algae blooms into the atmosphere where the particles help clouds form. These particles, which are biological in origin, can affect weather patterns throughout the world, according to the new study in the AGU journal Geophysical Research Letters.

Particles suspended in air called aerosols can sometimes accelerate ice crystal formation in clouds, impacting weather climate and weather patterns. Such ice-nucleating particles include dust, smoke, pollen, fungi and bacteria. Previous research had shown marine bacteria were seeding clouds in the Arctic, but how they got from the ocean to the clouds was a mystery.

In the new study, the researchers took samples of water and air in the Bering Strait, and tested the samples for the presence of biological ice nucleating particles. Bacteria normally found near the sea floor was present in the air above the ocean surface, suggesting ocean currents and turmoil help make the bacteria airborne.

Oceanic currents and weather systems brought bacteria feeding off algae blooms to the sea spray above the ocean's surface, helping to seed clouds in the atmosphere, according to the new research.

"These special types of aerosols can actually 'seed' clouds, kind of similar to how a seed would grow a plant. Some of these seeds are really efficient at forming cloud ice crystals," said Jessie Creamean, an atmospheric scientist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, and lead author on the new study.

Understanding how clouds are seeded can help scientists understand Arctic weather patterns.

Pure water droplets in clouds don't freeze until roughly minus 40 degrees Celsius (minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit). They are supercooled below their freezing point but still liquid. Aerosols raise the base freezing temperature in supercooled clouds to minus five degrees Celsius (23 degrees Fahrenheit), by providing a surface for water to crystalize on, and creating clouds mixed with supercooled droplets and ice crystals. Mixed clouds are the most common type of clouds on the planet and the best for producing rain or snow.

"Cloud seeds," like the bacteria found in algae blooms, can create more clouds with varying amounts of ice and water. An increase in clouds can affect how much heat is trapped in the atmosphere, which can influence climate. The clouds' compositions can affect the Arctic's water cycle, changing the amount of rain and snow that is produced. Increasing the number of clouds and changing the composition of Arctic clouds also affects northern weather systems, potentially affecting weather trends worldwide, the authors of the new study said...

https://phys.org/news/2019-08-bacteria-arctic-algae-blooms-seed.html

___________________________

Diversity of planktonic microorganisms in the Arctic Ocean

2015

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661115001615

___________________________

Arctic bacteria show long evolution in toxic mercury resistance

October 6, 2014

https://phys.org/news/2014-10-arctic-bacteria-evolution-toxic-mercury.html

___________________________

As the Arctic Warms, Soil Bacteria May Diversify and Release More Carbon Dioxide

January 4, 2021

https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2021/as-the-arctic-warms-soil-bacteria-may-diversify-and-release-more-carbon-dioxide/

___________________________

Chlamydia-Related Bacteria Discovered in the Deep Arctic Ocean

March 11, 2020

‘What on earth were they doing there?’ one researcher asks

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chlamydia-related-bacteria-discovered-deep-arctic-ocean-180974392/

___________________________

Diversity and biogeography of SAR11 bacteria from the Arctic Ocean

09 September 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-019-0499-4

___________________________

Giant Balls of Bacteria Pile Up on Arctic Lake Beds, Ooze Toxin****

23 December 2015

Researchers have found cyanobacteria colonies as big as softballs thriving unexpectedly on shallow Greenland lake bottoms, exuding liver-damaging microcystin. Locals dubbed them "sea tomatoes."

https://eos.org/articles/giant-balls-of-bacteria-pile-up-on-arctic-lake-beds-ooze-toxin

___________________________

Bacteria for blastoff: Using microbes to make supercharged new rocket fuel

June 30, 2022

Scientists have developed a new class of energy-dense biofuels based on one of nature's most unique molecules

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/06/220630160038.htm

___________________________

Genes from Arctic Bacteria Used to Create Vaccines

2010

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/genes-from-arctic-bacteria-used-to-create-new-vaccines

___________________________

Heavy-metal resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from Kongsfjord, Arctic

2015 Apr 2

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25942102/

___________________________

Bacteria from the ocean floor could be influencing Arctic weather

2019

https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/science/2019/11/17/bacteria-from-the-ocean-floor-could-be-influencing-arctic-weather/

___________________________

Zhemchug Canyon

Zhemchug Canyon is an underwater canyon located in the middle of the Bering Sea. It is the deepest submarine canyon in the world, and is also tied for the widest.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhemchug_Canyon

-

Category:Submarine canyons of the Bering Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Submarine_canyons_of_the_Bering_Sea

Bering Canyon
Bowie Canyon
Navarin Canyon
Pribilof Canyon
Zhemchug Canyon

--------

Council again fails to protect the magnificent Bering Sea canyons

April 14, 2014

https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/council-fails-protect-magnificent-bering-sea-canyons/

-

Plastic Waste Fills Ocean Canyons.

March 15, 2021

The Truth About Plastic Waste in the Worlds Ocean

https://opdera.org/plastic-waste-fills-ocean-canyons/

-

Bacteria feeding on Arctic algae blooms can seed clouds, affect climate**

Aug, 2019

https://engr.source.colostate.edu/bacteria-feeding-on-arctic-algae-blooms-can-seed-clouds-affect-climate/

___________________________

Small but mighty: Arctic bacteria are capable of cleaning up oil spills

October 8, 2019

https://www.mcgilltribune.com/sci-tech/small-but-mighty-arctic-bacteria-are-capable-of-cleaning-up-oil-spills-081019/

___________________________

Climate change: Arctic melt could release bacteria, undiscovered viruses, cold-war era radioactive waste

October 25, 2021

https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/climate-change-arctic-melting-polar-caps-viruses-radioactive-waste-bacteria-1869061-2021-10-25

___________________________

Frozen rotifer reanimated after 24,000 years in the Arctic tundra**

June 7, 2021

https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2021/06/07/russia-bdelloid-rotifers-arctic-permafrost/5451623091577/

___________________________

Novel Insights into Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Catabolism by Cultivable Bacteria in the Arctic Kongsfjorden

2021 Nov 17

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34788071/

___________________________

Metacommunity dynamics of bacteria in an arctic lake: the impact of species sorting and mass effects on bacterial production and biogeography

2014

https://www.academia.edu/81648335/Metacommunity_dynamics_of_bacteria_in_an_arctic_lake_the_impact_of_species_sorting_and_mass_effects_on_bacterial_production_and_biogeography

___________________________

Collaborative study of natural hydrocarbon seep in Canada’s Arctic reveals presence of methane-degrading bacteria, healthy animal population

May 12, 2021

https://science.ucalgary.ca/news/collaborative-study-natural-hydrocarbon-seep-canadas-arctic-reveals-presence-methane-degrading

___________________________

Bacteria release more carbon from the ocean than previously thought

Deep-sea bacteria dissolve carbon-containing rocks, releasing excess carbon

April 21, 2021

https://beta.nsf.gov/news/bacteria-release-more-carbon-ocean-previously-thought

___________________________

-

Bacteria feeding on Arctic algae blooms can seed clouds

August 29, 2019

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190829115428.htm

___________________________

Polar Cloud Bacteria

In this research project her team is examining the role that bacteria could play in polar atmospheric cloud formation and precipitation processes (on the general topic of bacteria in the atmosphere see: Biological Ice Nucleators.

As Co-PI with Brian Swanson from the Laucks Foundation she is investigating whether polar bacteria can interact with ice surfaces via ice nucleation processes. It is known that heterotrophic bacteria play a key role in carbon cycling in polar regions, but little is known about how they interact with their geological material, the ice itself, be it sea-ice, lake ice, glacier ice or ice in the atmosphere. The climate of the earth is very sensitive to the microphysical, radiative and chemical properties of glaciated clouds (IPCC, 2001). Accurate climate modeling requires that the entire process from particle formation to cloud drop nucleation be known. Studies of Arctic ice forming nuclei (IFN) have concluded that marine bacteria and other particles of biological origin derived from open leads within the sea-ice cover could be importantfor cloud formation in the Arctic (Bigg and Leck, 2002), but no investigations have been done on the ice-nucleating behavior of marine bacteria temporarily enclosed in sea ice. In Antarctica, devoid of a terrestrial source for IFN, studies also suggest that biological nuclei play a role in the formationof coastal clouds and that the surrounding ocean might be their source (Saxena, 1983). In this project with Brian Swanson, the researchers are investigating a likely origin of these biological nuclei – marine psychrophilic bacteria and viruses using a novel freeze tube technique that studies the freezing of droplets in free-fall.

http://psc.apl.uw.edu/polar-cloud-bacteria/

___________________________

A Constant Flux of Diverse Thermophilic Bacteria into the Cold Arctic Seabed

18 Sep 2009

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1174012

___________________________

Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria into the Arctic

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/1/07-0704_article

___________________________

Scientists discover bacteria deep beneath the Arctic ice which can interact with humans

March 12, 2020

Bacteria belong to the family known as 'Chlamydiae', has been discovered deep beneath the surface of the Arctic ice, revealed scientists

https://www.ibtimes.sg/scientists-discover-bacteria-deep-beneath-arctic-ice-which-can-interact-humans-40840

___________________________

Sunlight, not bacteria, key to CO2 in Arctic

Aug 22, 2014

https://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/sunlight-not-bacteria-key-to-co2-in-arctic_956515.html

___________________________

Sun-Loving Bacteria May Be Accelerating Glacial Melting

2021

Scientists find that cyanobacteria cause sediments on glaciers to clump, thus absorbing more sunlight. It's not great news for fans of lower sea levels.

https://www.wired.com/story/sun-loving-bacteria-may-be-accelerating-glacial-melting/

___________________________

Genes from Arctic bacteria used to create new vaccines

July 12, 2010

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/genes-from-arctic-bacteria-used-to-create-new-vaccines

___________________________

Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria into the Arctic

2008

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/1/pdfs/07-0704.pdf

___________________________

Arctic Floating University to focus on Arctic bacteria’s use in medicine, food industry

https://tass.com/science/1447381

___________________________

Tiny globetrotters: Bacteria which live in the Arctic and the Antarctic

December 13, 2017

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171213125738.htm

___________________________

Bioprospecting around Arctic islands: Marine bacteria as rich source of biocatalysts

11 December 2015

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jobm.201500505

___________________________

Potential Application of Living Microorganisms in the Detoxification of Heavy Metals

27 June 2022

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/13/1905/htm

___________________________

U of C alumnus finds high numbers of heat-loving bacteria in cold Arctic Ocean

September 17, 2009

http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/09/17/u.c.alumnus.finds.high.numbers.heat.loving.bacteria.cold.arctic.ocean

___________________________

Bacteria That Can Break Down Crude Oil And Diesel Found In The Arctic

Aug 17, 2021

https://www.iflscience.com/bacteria-that-can-break-down-crude-oil-and-diesel-found-in-the-arctic-60674

___________________________

Bacteria Produce Electric Current from Sugar

Oct 19, 2018

https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/bacteria-produce-electric-current-from-sugar/

___________________________

Antifreeze protein activity in Arctic cryoconite bacteria

01 February 2014

https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/351/1/14/501000?login=false

___________________________

Self-healing bacteria bricks could help us build on the moon or Mars

Jan. 20, 2020

This construction Franken-material's alive -- and it could be a more sustainable solution for building.

Future buildings may be teeming with bacteria, with scientists developing a hybrid construction material, made of microbes, that may be capable of repairing itself or even pulling carbon dioxide out of the air.

Wil Srubar, a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder, headed up an interdisciplinary team that used bacteria to create a durable "living" building material that would, among other tricks, be able to heal its own cracks. That would be an especially valuable asset in extreme conditions or military structures, the scientists say, as bricks made from the material could fix themselves after natural disasters or damage from enemy fire.

"We believe this material is particularly suitable in resource-scarce environments, such as deserts or the Arctic, even human settlements on other planets," Srubar, who founded a living-materials lab at the university that takes inspiration from nature, told me. "The sky is the limit, really, for creative applications of the technology."

https://www.cnet.com/science/self-healing-bacteria-bricks-could-help-us-build-on-the-moon-or-mars/

___________________________

Batteries Made of Bacteria?

November 19, 2008

Researchers believe the energy produced by Geobacteria microbes can be harnessed for electrical power, environmental remediation and biosensors

https://beta.nsf.gov/news/batteries-made-bacteria

___________________________

Algal Mats May Be a Key to the Arctic Food Web

27 June 2022

Melt ponds in sea ice have thriving algal communities with startlingly high levels of photosynthetic activity.

https://eos.org/articles/algal-mats-may-be-a-key-to-the-arctic-food-web

___________________________

Seasonal Synergy between bacteria and algae in Kobbefjord sea ice

2014

https://asp-net.org/content/seasonal-synergy-between-bacteria-and-algae-kobbefjord-sea-ice

___________________________

Bacteria at Hydrothermal Vents

https://divediscover.whoi.edu/hot-topics/bacteria-at-hydrothermal-vents/

___________________________

Cilia: 'The bouncer' of bacteria

08.09.2017

https://www.innovations-report.com/life-sciences/cilia-the-bouncer-of-bacteria/

___________________________

Methane and Black Carbon Impacts on the Arctic:

2016

Communicating the Science

https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/arctic-methane-blackcarbon_communicating-the-science.pdf

___________________________

Phytoplankton enhance Arctic Ocean's ability to soak up carbon dioxide, study finds

July 14, 2020

Stanford University scientists report microalgae have increased by 57 percent over two decades

https://www.foxnews.com/science/phytoplankton-enhance-arctic-oceans-ability-carbon-dioxide

___________________________

Warnings in Sweden about dangerous bacteria in Baltic Sea

July 29, 2019

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2019/07/29/bacteria-baltic-sea-sweden-vibrio/

___________________________

Last year, a record number of people in Sweden were infected by the water-bourne bacteria Vibrio, which can cause serious infection.

July 29, 2019

The spread of Vibrio is likely to increase as climate change warms up oceans. Projections show that the Baltic Sea will likely be warmer during a longer season and further north. Studies from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control show that this increases the growth of the bacteria Vibrio in the water.

In 2018, 135 people in Sweden were infected by Vibrio, the highest number since 2004, the first year the infections had to be reported to the health authorities. One of the infected people died. If you swim with an open wound and get a Vibrio infection, you can get blood poisoning. Vibrio can also cause ear infections and diarrhea if you swallow water with the bacteria in it.

https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/57124

___________________________

Novel bacteria associated with Arctic seashore lichens have potential roles in nutrient scavenging

2 April 2014

https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjm-2013-0888

___________________________

Novel bacteria associated with Arctic seashore lichens have potential roles in nutrient scavenging

2 April 2014

https://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/5500/20130312/new-bacteria-lake-vostok-actually-contamination-reports.htm

___________________________

Marine bacteria in Canadian Arctic capable of biodegrading diesel and oil

August 11, 2021

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210811131602.htm

___________________________

Cryptogams signify key transitions of bacteria and fungi in Arctic sand dune succession

03 February 2020

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.16469

___________________________

___________________________

Melting Arctic ice may be causing a deadly virus to spread in marine mammals

November 9, 2019

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/melting-arctic-ice-may-be-spreading-a-deadly-virus-to-spread-in-marine-mammals/

___________________________

Research discovers new bacteria that attach to deep-sea plastics and run through the ocean

May 01, 2022

https://www.aninews.in/news/science/research-discovers-new-bacteria-that-attach-to-deep-sea-plastics-and-run-through-the-ocean20220501144535/

___________________________

Science News Roundup: Bacteria with antibiotic-resistant genes discovered in Antarctica, scientists say; Breakthrough infections may be less contagious; vaccine protection wanes faster in cancer patients and more

27-05-2022

https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/science-environment/2052267-science-news-roundup-bacteria-with-antibiotic-resistant-genes-discovered-in-antarctica-scientists-say-breakthrough-infecti

___________________________

Sprawling sponge gardens found deep beneath the Arctic sea ice

February 8, 2022

https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/08/world/arctic-sponge-discovery-scn/index.html

___________________________

Prevalence of potential nitrogen-fixing, green sulfur bacteria in the skeleton of reef-building coral Isopora palifera

26 February 2016

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lno.10277

___________________________

Meet the Arctic Benthos

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02arctic/background/education/media/arctic_benthos.pdf

___________________________

Are Benthic Cyanobacteria a Source of Toxic Blooms and a Threat to Human Health?

10/04/2018

https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/are-benthic-cyanobacteria-a-source-of-toxic-blooms-and-a-threat-to-human-health/

___________________________

-

Nanoparticles kill beneficial Arctic soil bacteria

2011

https://www.adn.com/arctic/article/nanoparticles-kill-beneficial-arctic-soil-bacteria/2011/04/09/

___________________________

Vertical distribution of bacteria in Arctic sea ice

1993

https://www.academia.edu/15065376/Vertical_distribution_of_bacteria_in_arctic_sea_ice

___________________________

Purifying Bad Water with Good Bacteria

April 30, 2013

https://research.umn.edu/inquiry/post/purifying-bad-water-good-bacteria

___________________________

___________________________

Bacteria clean oil-polluted soil on old military bases

June 18th, 2021

Diesel-polluted soil from now-defunct military outposts in Greenland can be remediated using naturally occurring soil bacteria, according to an extensive five-year experiment in Mestersvig, East Greenland.

https://www.futurity.org/bacteria-diesel-polluted-soil-remediation-2584012/

___________________________

Epithelium-associated bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). An electron microscopical study

21 December 2001

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01246.x

___________________________

Scientists Just Discovered Plastic-Eating Bacteria That Can Break Down PET

10 March 2016

https://www.sciencealert.com/new-plastic-munching-bacteria-could-fuel-a-recycling-revolution

___________________________

The Next Pandemic Could Be Hiding in the Arctic Permafrost

April 2, 2020

Global warming could unearth ancient microbes. Will we be as unprepared as we were for the coronavirus?

https://newrepublic.com/article/157129/next-pandemic-hiding-arctic-permafrost

___________________________

The invasion of Antarctica: Non-native species threaten the world’s last wilderness

January 7, 2022

With around 5,000 summertime residents, increased tourism, and a warming planet, it is becoming difficult to protect Antarctica from invasion.

https://bigthink.com/life/antarctica-invasive-species/

___________________________

Cold-Loving Bacteria Offer Clues for Life on Mars

May 23, 2013

https://www.livescience.com/34657-coldest-temperature-bacteria-found-in-permafrost.html

___________________________

Climate of the Arctic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic

___________________________

The Wreck of the SS ATLANTIC - Halifax, NS 1873

Mar 21, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6JkwN7kw8E

___________________________

The Terrible Disaster of the SS ARCTIC (1854)

May 21, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEGseRuJ4Xw

___________________________

TRAGIC STORY OF SALOMON ANDREE: How the First Arctic BALLOON Expedition Ended // North Pole 1897

Apr 4, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYHXLlkhMho

___________________________

The Story of Ernest Shackleton: The South Pole Failure that Turned into an Incredible Survival Story

Mar 3, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io9wTBNelmo

___________________________

Arctic Tomb (Franklin expedition documentary)

Feb 26, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j94t4tN1w0

___________________________

___________________________

World’s northernmost Palaeolithic settlement found on Kotelny island in the Arctic

https://www.siberiantimes.com/science/

___________________________

--

--

-

----

___________________________

Production of biological soil crusts in the early stage of primary succession on a High Arctic glacier foreland

02 February 2010

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03180.x

___________________________

Melting sea ice leaves Arctic vulnerable to erosion

18 April 2011

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20389-melting-sea-ice-leaves-arctic-vulnerable-to-erosion/

___________________________

Coastal erosion is picking up speed across the Arctic

02-14-2022

https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-erosion-is-picking-up-speed-across-the-arctic/

___________________________

Including Soil Erosion in Global models of the climate Crisis

2020

https://www.pnnl.gov/publications/including-soil-erosion-global-models-carbon-cycle

___________________________

Shore Erosion in Russian Arctic

2012

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40621%28254%2963

___________________________

Heavy metals in the Arctic: Distribution and enrichment of five metals in Alaskan soils

June 3, 2020

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233297

___________________________

Variable responses of carbon and nitrogen contents in vegetation and soil to herbivory and warming in high-Arctic tundra

21 September 2021

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.3746

___________________________

Rates and processes of aeolian soil erosion in West Greenland

January 18, 2017

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959683616687381

___________________________

Greenland ice sheet & winds driving tundra soil erosion

13 August 2015

https://www.enn.com/articles/48871

___________________________

Around one third of current Arctic Ocean primary production sustained by rivers and coastal erosion

2021 Jan 8

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7794587/

___________________________

Prevention and control measures for coastal erosion in northern high-latitude communities: a systematic review based on Alaskan case studies

19 August 2020

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9387

___________________________

Erosion of organic carbon in the Arctic as a geological carbon dioxide sink

2015

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26245581/

___________________________

Wildfire still burning in Greenland tundra in mid-August 2017

August 18, 2017

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/wildfire-still-burning-greenland-tundra-mid-august-2017

___________________________

Grazing and topography control nutrient pools in low Arctic soils of Southwest Greenland

03 July 2022

https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejss.13278

___________________________

Soil Erosion and Its Impacts on Greenhouse Gases

29 January 2022

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-7916-2_2

___________________________

Snowmelt Events in Autumn Can Reduce or Cancel the Soil Warming Effect of Snow–Vegetation Interactions in the Arctic

01 Dec 2018

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/31/23/jcli-d-18-0135.1.xml

___________________________

Unexpected future boost of methane possible from Arctic permafrost

August 20, 2018

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2785/unexpected-future-boost-of-methane-possible-from-arctic-permafrost/

___________________________

Erosion of organic carbon in the Arctic as a geological carbon dioxide sink

05 August 2015

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14653

___________________________

Soil Erosion on the Yamal Peninsula (Russian Arctic) due to Gas Field Exploitation

September 1996

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267392131_Soil_Erosion_on_the_Yamal_Peninsula_Russian_Arctic_due_to_Gas_Field_Exploitation

___________________________

Erosion Control Along Transportation Routes in Northern Climates

1981

https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic34-2-147.pdf

___________________________

Modelling the seasonal variations of soil temperatures in the Arctic coasts

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965221001201

___________________________

Study reveals Greenland ice sheet melted once before, and could again

March 2021

https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/study-reveals-greenland-ice-sheet-melted-once-before-and-it-could-happen-again/

___________________________

5.6 Soil Erosion in Iceland: Reclaiming a Fragile Environment

May 20, 2022

https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/sciencebitesvolume2/chapter/5-6-soil-erosion-in-iceland-reclaiming-a-fragile-environment/

___________________________

Climate impacts to Arctic coasts

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/climate-impacts-arctic-coasts

___________________________

Increase in Arctic coastal erosion and its sensitivity to warming in the twenty-first century

14 February 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01281-0

___________________________

Erosion due to climate change is destroying the Arctic coastline

15.02.2022

https://www.europeanscientist.com/en/environment/erosion-due-to-climate-change-is-destroying-the-arctic-coastline/

___________________________

Colonization patterns of soil microbial communities in the Atacama Desert

20 November 2013

https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2049-2618-1-28

___________________________

Antarctic and arctic desert: soil, characteristics and characteristics of soils

https://stuklopechat.com/obrazovanie/88162-antarkticheskaya-i-arkticheskaya-pustynya-pochva-harakteristiki-i-osobennosti-pochv.html

___________________________

Soil erosion and sediment dynamics in the Anthropocene: a review of human impacts during a period of rapid global environmental change

04 November 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11368-020-02815-9

___________________________

Arctic coastlines threatened by melting permafrost

2013

https://barentsobserver.com/en/nature/2013/10/arctic-coastlines-threatened-melting-permafrost-05-10

___________________________

Arctic carbon cycle is speeding up

August 3, 2018

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2776/arctic-carbon-cycle-is-speeding-up/

___________________________

A glimpse into the northernmost thermo-erosion gullies in Svalbard archipelago and their implications for Arctic cultural heritage

2022

https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/a-glimpse-into-the-northernmost-thermo-erosion-gullies-in-svalbar

___________________________

Microbial metabolism directly affects trace gases in (sub) polar snowpacks

20 December 2017

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2017.0729

___________________________

Methyl halide and methane fluxes in the northern Alaskan coastal tundra

2007

https://www.academia.edu/5977617/Methyl_halide_and_methane_fluxes_in_the_northern_Alaskan_coastal_tundra

___________________________

Natural halocarbons in the air and in the sea

17 July 1975

https://www.nature.com/articles/256193a0

___________________________

Arctic Arsenic

February 1, 2001

Charles Francis Hall was murdered during an expedition that might have taken him to the North Pole decades before Peary. Or was he?

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/arctic-arsenic-71724451/

Arsenic, antimony and vanadium in the North Atlantic Ocean

1988

https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5028750-arsenic-antimony-vanadium-north-atlantic-ocean

Arctic – Atlantic Exchange of the Dissolved Micronutrients Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper and Zinc With a Focus on Fram Strait

02 May 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GB007191

___________________________

Comparative zinc and lead toxicity tests with Arctic marine invertebrates and implications for toxicant discharges

27 October 2009

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/comparative-zinc-and-lead-toxicity-tests-with-arctic-marine-invertebrates-and-implications-for-toxicant-discharges/B1E6259F466904B7ACBC58E50FC571FB

___________________________

Arctic Copper-Zinc-Lead Project

https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/arctic-copper-zinc-lead-project/

Metal Resistance in Bacteria from Contaminated Arctic Sediment is Driven by Metal Local Inputs

2019 Apr 13

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30982081/

-

___________________________

Methyl bromide, other brominated methanes, and methyl iodide in polar firn air

01 January 2001t

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2000JD900511

___________________________

Acid Rock Drainage and Rock Weathering in Antarctica: Important Sources for Iron Cycling in the Southern Ocean

May 17, 2013

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es305141b

___________________________

Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic – Infographic

June 28, 2016

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/persistent-organic-pollutants-in-the-arctic-infographic/

___________________________

Evidence of reactive iodine chemistry in the Arctic boundary layer

19 October 2010

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JD013665

___________________________

High levels of molecular chlorine found in Arctic atmosphere

2014

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/01/15/high-levels-of-molecular-chlorine-found-in-arctic-atmosphere/

___________________________

Iodine cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_cycle

___________________________

___________________________

Active molecular iodine photochemistry in the Arctic

September 5, 2017

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1702803114

___________________________

Methyl iodine over oceans from the Arctic Ocean to the maritime Antarctic

2016 May 17

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4868973/

--

Oil and Natural Gas Shales of Alaska's Arctic North Slope

Summary of the USGS Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Potential of the Alaska North Slope report of February 2012

https://geology.com/articles/alaska-shale-gas/

___________________________

Scientists are about to lock themselves into an Arctic ice floe for a year

September 17, 2019

In the largest Arctic expedition yet, researchers will gather as much data as they can on the fading ice—and climate change.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/mosaic-polarstern-departs/

___________________________

The role of microbial electrogenesis in regulating methane and nitrous oxide emissions from constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360319922026490

___________________________

Arctic rocks may contain oldest remnants of Earth

11 August 2010

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-10941026

___________________________

Source apportionment of methane escaping the subsea permafrost system in the outer Eurasian Arctic Shelf

March 1, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2019672118

___________________________

What is the geochemical source for the helium detected in deep Arctic explosive eruptions?

2015

https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/4293/what-is-the-geochemical-source-for-the-helium-detected-in-deep-arctic-explosive

___________________________

The Arctic Ocean is a net source of micronutrients toward the North Atlantic through the gateway of Fram Strait

18 May 2022

https://www.geotraces.org/arctic-ocean-net-source-micronutrients-north-atlantic-fram-strait/

___________________________

Source apportionment of methane escaping the subsea permafrost system in the outer Eurasian Arctic Shelf

March 1, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2019672118

___________________________

Methyl iodine over oceans from the Arctic Ocean to the maritime Antarctic

17 May 2016

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep26007

___________________________

Distribution of natural halocarbons in marine boundary air over the Arctic Ocean

August 2013

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259187884_Distribution_of_natural_halocarbons_in_marine_boundary_air_over_the_Arctic_Ocean

___________________________

Arctic Glaciers Entrap Pesticides and Other Environmental Pollutants from Global Drift and Release Hazardous Chemicals as They Melt from Global Warming

2020

https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2020/08/arctic-glaciers-entrap-pesticides-and-other-environmental-pollutants-from-global-drift-and-release-hazardous-chemicals-as-they-melt-from-global-warming/

___________________________

Methyl Bromide

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/methyl-bromide

___________________________

Chlorine, Bromine AND Iodine in arctic aerosols

1988

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0004698188903496

Little erosion beneath Antarctica and Greenland Ice Sheets

2016

https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j30_1/j30_1_11-14.pdf

___________________________

Reference soil Greenland 02: Histosol

https://museum.isric.org/monoliths/reference-soil-greenland-02

___________________________

Greenland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland

___________________________

Arctic coast erosion revealed by drone images

2019

https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2019/arctic-coast-erosion-revealed-by-drone-images

Biogeochemistry of arsenic and antimony in the North Pacific Ocean

25 May 2006

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2005GC001159

___________________________

Antimony and arsenic biogeochemistry in the western Atlantic Ocean

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064501000236

Lead pollution in Arctic ice shows economic impact of wars and plagues for past 1,500 years

July 8, 2019

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190708154038.htm

Arsenic in the water and a comparison with the Atlantic coastline

1979

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/546682/

___________________________

Distribution and cycle of arsenic compounds in the ocean

May 1994

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aoc.590080319

___________________________

Arsenic and Cadmium Bioremediation by Antarctic Bacteria Capable of Biosynthesizing CdS Fluorescent Nanoparticles

2018

https://researchers.unab.cl/es/publications/arsenic-and-cadmium-bioremediation-by-antarctic-bacteria-capable-

___________________________

Arsenic-breathing microbes discovered in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Element that’s poisonous for most life benefits certain marine microorganisms

May 1, 2019

https://beta.nsf.gov/news/arsenic-breathing-microbes-discovered-tropical-pacific-ocean

___________________________

Arsenic cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_cycle

Atmospheric deposition studies of heavy metals in Arctic by comparative analysis of lichens and cryoconite

2012 May 25

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22623166/

Russia’s new lithium mine will harm Arctic ecosystems and Indigenous people, Sámi activist warns

June 14, 2022

https://www.arctictoday.com/russias-new-lithium-mine-will-harm-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-people-sami-activist-warns/

___________________________

Russia’s Push To Mine Arctic Metals Is Fueled By Nuclear Power

Dec 04, 2021

https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Russias-Push-To-Mine-Arctic-Metals-Is-Fueled-By-Nuclear-Power.html

___________________________

Russia’s Rosatom Plans to Launch Lithium Mines in Siberia, Arctic

August 5, 2021

https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/russias-rosatom-plans-to-launch-lithium-mines-in-siberia-arctic/

___________________________

Scientists Terrifying New Discovery Frozen In Ice That Changes Everything!

Aug 18, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeqKTIFBob0

___________________________

Canada Used To Provide A Lot Of World’s Lithium, But Can It Revive That?

2021

https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/24/canada-used-to-provide-a-lot-of-worlds-lithium-but-can-it-revive-that/

___________________________

The Top Lithium Producing Countries In The World

1. Australia
2. Chile
3. China
4. Argentina
5. Zimbabwe
6. Portugal
7. Brazil

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-top-lithium-producing-countries-in-the-world.html

___________________________

Livent to increase lithium output in the Argentine province of Catamarca

March 18th 2022

https://en.mercopress.com/2022/03/18/livent-to-increase-lithium-output-in-the-argentine-province-of-catamarca

___________________________

Lithium in waters of a polar desert

1 October 1997

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Lithium-in-waters-of-a-polar-desert-Lyons-Welch/32f07ac8cfab29226d729df4d4003a4a909d60eb

___________________________

Lithium in Greenland ice cores measured by ion chromatography

14 September 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/lithium-in-greenland-ice-cores-measured-by-ion-chromatography/A49B2C010AF147506B97920584B40204

___________________________

The lithium triangle

Apr 5, 2013

https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/the-lithium-triangle-idUSRTXY9FY

___________________________

Origin of Sodium and Lithium in the Upper Atmosphere

23 May 1959

https://www.nature.com/articles/1831480a0

___________________________

How 'Iron Man' bacteria could help protect the environment

February 3, 2021

Research opens the door to applications in recycling and remediation

https://beta.nsf.gov/news/how-iron-man-bacteria-could-help-protect-environment

___________________________

The Detrimental Effects of Deep-Sea Mining on Marine Ecosystems

Jun 4th 2021

https://earth.org/detrimental-effects-of-deep-sea-mining/

___________________________

The human impact converts the penguins into biotransporters of polluting substances towards the Antarctic soil

2017

https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/news-release/human-impact-converts-penguins-biotransporters-polluting-substances-antarctic-soil-1285846070123/Noticia.html?id=1286015754852

Halocarbons associated with Arctic sea ice

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063714000855

Arctic ozone layer is STILL under threat as scientists find climate change is driving record cold temperatures that are reacting with damaging human-made chemicals

2021

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9713905/Ozone-layer-threat-despite-ban-dangerous-chemicals.html

CFC replacements are a source of persistent organic pollution in the Arctic

May 14, 2020

Degraded, toxic compounds from CFC replacements found in ice in the Canadian Arctic

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200514131712.htm

___________________________

BFCs (Bromofluorocarbons) are adopted instead of CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)?

Sep 21, 2021

https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/wi-bfcs-bromofluorocarbons-are-adopted-instead-of-cfcs-chlorofluorocarbons.517368/

___________________________

Global CFC emissions now declining again as expected under the Montreal Protocol

February 11th, 2021

https://research.csiro.au/acc/global-cfc-emissions-now-declining-again/

___________________________

Replacements for banned CFCs polluting Arctic: study

May 25, 2020

https://troymedia.com/science/replacements-for-banned-cfcs-polluting-arctic-study/

___________________________

Ozone formation and destruction in the stratosphere

2004

http://www.chemistry.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm336/s2004/Chapter%202%20Transparencies.pdf

___________________________

Explainer: hydrofluorocarbons saved the ozone layer, so why are we banning them?

November 1, 2017

https://theconversation.com/explainer-hydrofluorocarbons-saved-the-ozone-layer-so-why-are-we-banning-them-86672

___________________________

Tough carbon-flourine bonds broken by photo-powered nanocatalyst

September 30, 2020

https://insights.globalspec.com/article/15107/tough-carbon-flourine-bonds-broken-by-photo-powered-nanocatalyst

___________________________

Record-breaking 2020 ozone hole closes

6 January 2021

https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/record-breaking-2020-ozone-hole-closes

___________________________

Ocean Circulation: Thermohaline Circulation

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/glodap/glodap_pdfs/Thermohaline.web.pdf

___________________________

Barren forests, dirty rivers, unbreathable air: Inside an Arctic city's vast pollution problem

December 10, 2021

https://news.yahoo.com/norilsk-russian-arctic-became-one-100429053.html

Arctic Pollution's Surprising History: Explorers Saw Particulate Haze In Late 1800s

March 21, 2008

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080319085406.htm

Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague, climate, and conflict

2019 Jul 8

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31285330/

Trace element concentrations and gastrointestinal parasites of Arctic terns breeding in the Canadian High Arctic

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969714000254

___________________________

Reconstruction of Arctic climate conditions in the Cretaceous period

May 29, 2015

https://www.geologypage.com/2015/05/reconstruction-of-arctic-climate-conditions-in-the-cretaceous-period.html

___________________________

Polar Phytoplankton Need Zinc to Cope with the Cold

June 6, 2022

https://jgi.doe.gov/polar-phytoplankton-need-zinc-to-cope-with-the-cold/

___________________________

How the Discovery of Two Lost Ships Solved an Arctic Mystery

April 15, 2017

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/franklin-expedition-ship-watson-ice-ghosts

Oil Drilling in Arctic Ocean: A Push into Uncharted Waters

June 8, 2015

As the U.S. and Russia take the first steps to drill for oil and gas in the Arctic Ocean, experts say the harsh climate, icy seas, and lack of infrastructure means a sizeable oil spill would be very difficult to clean up and could cause extensive environmental damage.

https://e360.yale.edu/features/oil_drilling_in_arctic_ocean_a_push_into_uncharted_waters

One of the Most Polluted Places on Earth Is in the Russian Arctic

04/12/2021

    Norilsk is part of an Arctic that is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, but the permafrost and structural problems can’t be attributed to climate change alone.

    Norilsk’s pollution can be seen in the 5.9 million acres of dead or dying forest downwind from the Norilsk Nickel compound – a large scar slashed into Earth’s largest forested region.

    The intensity of Norilsk’s pollution is detectable from space. Satellite instrument readings show that no other human enterprise generates as much sulphur dioxide pollution.

https://science.thewire.in/external-affairs/world/one-of-the-most-polluted-places-on-earth-is-in-the-russian-arctic/

Nitrate is an important nitrogen source for Arctic tundra plants

March 14, 2018

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1715382115

Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber

2021 Jun 3

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8296678/

Submarine landslides in Arctic sedimentation: Canada Basin

2016

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70176625

Are the land-based ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica continuing to lose mass (ice)?

https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/48/are-the-land-based-ice-sheets-in-greenland-and-antarctica-continuing-to-lose-mass-ice/

Landslide-Induced Tsunamis of Southern Alaska

June 17, 2019

https://www.usgs.gov/programs/coastal-and-marine-hazards-and-resources-program/science/landslide-induced-tsunamis

_____

Sea Slime Can Trigger 65-Foot Mega-Tsunamis

February 14, 2018

A layer of ooze made of microscopic fossils may underlie Earth's biggest landslides, a new study finds.

The biggest landslides on Earth are not on dry land but rather on the seafloor. For instance, the volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 triggered a collapse of about 0.7 cubic miles (3 cubic kilometers) of rock, but the Storegga "megaslide" offshore Norway about 8,150 years ago sent more than 1,000 times more material crashing downward, previous research found.

Submarine landslides are not just perils for life underwater; they can trigger catastrophic tsunami that can wreak havoc on land. For example, prior work suggested that the Storegga megaslide triggered a tsunami that deluged surrounding coasts with waves up to 65 feet (20 meters) high.

https://www.livescience.com/61756-sea-slime-mega-tsunamis.html

___________________________

Research Highlight: Internal Tsunamis Can Alter Bodies of Water Profoundly

Aug 15, 2019

https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/research-highlight-internal-tsunamis-can-alter-bodies-water-profoundly

___________________________

Tsunami threat to UK 'far more serious' than scientists originally thought

Nov 4, 2021

https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1515677/tsunami-risk-uk-natural-disaster-storegga-slide-science-news-spt

___________________________

Will climate change in the Arctic increase the landslide-tsunami risk to the UK?

2012

https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/will-climate-change-in-the-arctic-increase-the-landslidetsunami-risk-to-the-uk(0ed3be6f-8eb3-45b8-a342-810c8d458804).html

-

Are meteotsunamis an underrated hazard?

2015

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608035/

___________________________

Arctic mega-tsunami caused by landslide, not a quake

August 3, 2017

https://www.theweathernetwork.com/us/news/articles/arctic-mega-tsunami-caused-by-landslide-not-a-quake-/84758/

___________________________

Atlas of Submarine Glacial Landforms: Modern, Quaternary and Ancient

15 December 2016

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/M0046

___________________________

___________________________

Surficial Geology Mapping and Submarine Landslides in the Arctic Ocean

Apr. 1, 2022

http://ccom.unh.edu/seminars/kai-boggild

___________________________

Submarine landslides along the Siberian termination of the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X21000878

___________________________

Submarine chutes on the slopes of fjord deltas

26 March 1981

https://www.nature.com/articles/290326a0

___________________________

From the field: studying earthquakes and submarine landslides in Baffin Bay

2018-12-19

https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/97726.html

___________________________

A New Type of Device Used on Submarine Landslides Monitoring

2020

https://appliedmechanics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/OMAE/proceedings-abstract/OMAE2020/84379/V06AT06A025/1092842

___________________________

The Hinlopen Slide: A giant, submarine slope failure on the northern Svalbard margin, Arctic Ocean

2006

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X06001865

___________________________

Some giant submarine landslides do not produce large tsunamis

07 August 2017

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017GL074062

___________________________

Largest Landslides in the World

https://geology.com/records/largest-landslide.shtml

___________________________

Tectonic evolution of strike-slip zones on continental margins and their impact on the development of submarine landslides (Storegga Slide, northeast Atlantic)

April 06, 2020

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/132/11-12/2397/583445/Tectonic-evolution-of-strike-slip-zones-on?redirectedFrom=fulltext

___________________________

New database documents submarine landslides

8-Jul-2015

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/808050

___________________________

On volcanic islands, landslides can trigger giant eruptions

Jan. 19, 2018

https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/01/19/On-volcanic-islands-landslides-can-trigger-giant-eruptions/8531516369764/

___________________________

Thaw-triggered landslides are a growing hazard in the warming North

March 30, 2021

https://www.arctictoday.com/thaw-triggered-landslides-are-a-growing-hazard-in-the-warming-north/

___________________________

Evidence of late glacial paleoseismicity from submarine landslide deposits within Lac Dasserat, northwestern Quebec, Canada

20 January 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/evidence-of-late-glacial-paleoseismicity-from-submarine-landslide-deposits-within-lac-dasserat-northwestern-quebec-canada/8A3B0EDF83C1C5333804EC9F60239328

___________________________

High Arctic submarine glaciogenic landscapes: their formation and significance

2016

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A907168&dswid=-4229

___________________________

Numerical modelling of impulse wave generated by fast landslides

02 March 2004

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nme.934

___________________________

Large Submarine Landslides on Continental Slopes: Geohazards, Methane Release, and Climate Change

October 2, 2015

https://www.tos.org/oceanography/article/large-submarine-landslides-on-continental-slopes-geohazards-methane-release

___________________________

Clathrate gun hypothesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis

The clathrate gun hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the periods of rapid warming during the Quaternary. The idea is that changes in fluxes in upper intermediate waters in the ocean caused temperature fluctuations that alternately accumulated and occasionally released methane clathrate on upper continental slopes. These events would have caused the Bond Cycles and individual interstadial events, such as the Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadials.[2]

The hypothesis was supported for the Bølling-Allerød and Preboreal period, but not for Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadials,[3] although there are still debates on the topic.

___________________________

Great Barrier Reef protecting against landslides, tsunamis

November 25, 2015

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151125104753.htm

___________________________

Submarine landslides in Pangnirtung Fiord, Baffin Island, Nunavut

2021

https://m.cngo.ca/wp-content/uploads/CNGO-SOA2021-Paper-04-Sedore-et-al.en_.pdf

___________________________

High Arctic submarine glaciogenic landscapes: their formation and significance

2016

https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:907168/FULLTEXT03

___________________________

Distant earthquakes can cause underwater landslides**

June 28, 2017

https://watchers.news/2017/06/28/distant-earthquakes-underwater-landslides/

___________________________

______

‘Dark Waters’ and PFOA – FAQ

https://chemtrust.org/dark-waters-and-pfoa-faq/

___________________________

Aquatic Life Criteria - Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)

https://www.epa.gov/wqc/aquatic-life-criteria-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa

___________________________

The Arctic Is Now Leaking Out High Concentrations of 'Forever Chemicals'

28 July 2021

https://www.sciencealert.com/arctic-ice-melt-is-leaking-out-high-concentrations-of-forever-chemicals

___________________________

Forever Chemicals Are Leaking from Arctic Ice and Affecting Native Species

Jul. 30 2021

https://www.greenmatters.com/p/arctic-forever-chemicals

___________________________

Arctic Leaking High Concentrations of ‘Forever Chemicals,’ Say Researchers

August 10, 2021

https://weather.com/news/climate/video/arctic-leaking-high-concentrations-of-forever-chemicals-say-researchers

___________________________

High concentrations of 'forever' chemicals being released from ice melt into the Arctic Ocean

July 27, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-07-high-chemicals-ice-arctic-ocean.html

___________________________

‘Forever chemicals’ in non-stick pans threaten polar bears

2021

https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/forever-chemicals-in-non-stick-pans-threaten-polar-bears-d3vmsn7xj

___________________________

The global threat from plastic pollution

2 Jul 2021

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg5433

___________________________

Plastic pollution and potential solutions

2018 Jul 19

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30025551/

___________________________

Arctic birds, seals and reindeer killed by marine plastics; pollution expected to rise

2018

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-09/marine-plastics-killing-arctic-creatures/9417270

___________________________

Plastic ingestion by four seabird species in the Canadian Arctic: Comparisons across species and time

2020 Jun 18

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32568085/

___________________________

Plastic ingestion by Arctic fauna: A review

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972102533X

___________________________

Microplastics from laundry are flooding into the Arctic

Jan 12, 2021

https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/12/22226655/microplastics-laundry-wastewater-plastic-pollution-arctic-ocean

___________________________

Microplastics found across the Arctic may be fibres from laundry

12 January 2021

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2264585-microplastics-found-across-the-arctic-may-be-fibres-from-laundry/

___________________________

Plastic ingestion by juvenile polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the Arctic Ocean

20 February 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-018-2283-8

___________________________

Arctic garbage patch

25 April 2017

Trillions of small pieces of floating plastic are coagulating in remote waters near the frozen north.

https://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2017.75

___________________________

Plastic pollution threatens salmon, whales and people

October 4, 2021

https://www.raincoast.org/2021/10/plastic-pollution-threatens-salmon-whales-and-people/

___________________________

Ocean Plastic Pollution—and Solutions to This Problem—Can Come in Many Forms

May 18, 2020

Innovation, collaboration, and bold policies can stop the flow and help restore marine health

https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2020/05/18/ocean-plastic-pollution-and-solutions-to-this-problem-can-come-in-many-forms

___________________________

Plastic 'has entered' Antarctic terrestrial food chain

2020

https://www.france24.com/en/20200624-plastic-has-entered-antarctic-terrestrial-food-chain

___________________________

PLASTIC PLANET: Plastic pollution so out of control it’s found in Antarctic wilderness, where poisonous chemicals fall in SNOW

7 Jun 2018

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/6471827/plastic-pollution-snow-antarctic-wilderness/

___________________________

Plastic crisis in Arctic: Pollution just as bad as anywhere else on Earth, scientists warn

April 17, 2022

https://www.studyfinds.org/microplastics-plastic-pollution-arctic/

___________________________

The Arctic is filling up with plastic pollution

April 5, 2022

https://plastic.education/the-arctic-is-filling-up-with-plastic-pollution/

___________________________

Plastics in the Arctic

https://www.arctic-council.org/explore/topics/ocean/plastics/

___________________________

Why does the Arctic have more plastic than most places on Earth?

October 30, 2019

Plastics travel on ocean currents and through the air to the far north and accumulate—sometimes inside the animals that live there.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/remote-arctic-contains-more-plastic-than-most-places-on-earth

___________________________

Plastic polluted Arctic islands are dumping ground for Gulf Stream

2017

Beaches in the remote Arctic islands were found to be more polluted than European ones due to plastic carried from much further south

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/16/plastic-polluted-arctic-islands-are-dumping-ground-for-gulf-stream

___________________________

Ocean Currents Are Sweeping Billions of Tiny Plastic Bits to the Arctic

April 21, 2017

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/part-arctic-ocean-suffering-plastic-pollution-180962985/

___________________________

Plastic Pollution Reaches and Penetrates the High Arctic

April 17, 2022

https://www.deeperblue.com/plastic-pollution-reaches-and-penetrates-the-high-arctic/

___________________________

Arctic temperatures are increasing four times faster than global warming

July 5, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-07-arctic-temperatures-faster-global.html

___________________________

Fact check: Arctic sea ice declining despite false claims it's reached a 30-year high

June 28, 2022

https://news.yahoo.com/fact-check-arctic-sea-ice-225945318.html

___________________________

Largest-ever Arctic ozone hole that developed this spring is now closed: scientists

April 28, 2020

https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/largest-ever-arctic-ozone-hole-that-developed-this-spring-is-now-closed-scientists-1.4915015

___________________________

Nearly 100K Fish Die After Tank Leaks 4,000 Gallons of Chlorine in Arctic Norway

8/10/21

https://www.newsweek.com/nearly-100k-fish-die-after-tank-leaks-4000-gallons-chlorine-arctic-norway-1617987

Methane emissions in Arctic Ocean have long been overestimated, study claims

January 14, 2020

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2020/01/14/methane-emissions-in-arctic-ocean-have-long-been-overestimated-study-claims/

___________________________

How much should you worry about an Arctic methane bomb?

2013

Recent warnings that this greenhouse gas could cost us $60 trillion have received widespread publicity. But many scientists are skeptical.

https://grist.org/climate-energy/how-much-should-you-worry-about-an-arctic-methane-bomb/

___________________________

Arctic Methane Bubbles Not As Foreboding As Once Feared

January 6, 2014

https://www.npr.org/2014/01/06/260265279/arctic-methane-bubbles-not-as-foreboding-as-once-feared

___________________________

Debunked: The Methane Monster

2020

https://www.scientistswarning.org/2020/07/27/debunked-methane-monster/

___________________________

Atmospheric methane underestimated in future climate projections

12 August 2021

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1814

___________________________

The Arctic might be a methane time bomb—or not

Mar 13, 2020

https://www.popsci.com/story/environment/permafrost-release-methane-debate/

___________________________

Thawing Permafrost In Sweden Releases Less Methane Than Feared, Study Finds

May 24, 2022

https://e360.yale.edu/digest/thawing-permafrost-in-sweden-releases-less-methane-than-feared-study-finds

___________________________

Arctic Methane Bomb Scare Was a False Alert

Aug 23, 2020

The Clathrate Gun is a dud.

https://darkedge.substack.com/p/arctic-methane-bomb-scare-was-a-false

___________________________

The moon controls the release of methane in Arctic Ocean

December 14, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-12-moon-methane-arctic-ocean.html

___________________________

Can we harness the Arctic’s methane for energy?

September 1, 2020

The potent greenhouse gas is abundant in the Arctic. Capturing it for energy could power the region and prevent its release into the atmosphere.

https://www.arctictoday.com/can-we-harness-the-arctics-methane-for-energy/

___________________________

How to reduce emissions of black carbon and methane in the Arctic

30 October 2020

https://www.arctic-council.org/news/how-to-reduce-emissions-of-black-carbon-and-methane-in-the-arctic/

___________________________

Arctic Sinkholes

2/2/22

In the Arctic, enormous releases of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, threaten the climate.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/arctic-sinkholes/

___________________________

Wetland Heterogeneity Determines Methane Emissions: A Pan-Arctic Synthesis

2021 Jul 6

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34229435/

___________________________

Climate Change, Arctic Security, and Methane Risks

September 5, 2016

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/climate-change-arctic-security-methane-risks/

___________________________

________

Permafrost Thaw in a Warming World: The Arctic Institute’s Permafrost Series Fall-Winter 2020

October 1, 2020

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/permafrost-thaw-warming-world-arctic-institute-permafrost-series-fall-winter-2020/

___________________________

Discover The Venomous Arctic Snake That Survives -57° Bitter Cold

August 27, 2022

https://a-z-animals.com/blog/discover-the-venomous-arctic-snake-that-survives-57-bitter-cold/

___________________________

AMAZING Arctic Snakes Fight and Mate | Deadly Vipers | BBC Studios

Nov 24, 2008

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TF7d4jvays

___________________________

Vipera berus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipera_berus

___________________________

Arctic Animals

A List of Arctic Wildlife

https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/arctic_animal.php

___________________________

Arctic oscillation excitation by torsional oscillations

February 2009

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226055748_Arctic_oscillation_excitation_by_torsional_oscillations

Physiological Ecology of Mesozoic Polar Forests in a High CO2 Environment

2001

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233824/

____________

Greenland Has Yet Another Methane Leak

January 3, 2019

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-has-yet-another-methane-leak/

___________________________

Biomarker insights into a methane-enriched Holocene peat-setting from “Doggerland” (central North Sea)

July 1, 2022

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09596836221106958

___________________________

Arctic methane levels reach new heights

September 16, 2019

https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/09/arctic-methane-levels-reach-new-heights-data-shows/

___________________________

The isotopic composition of methane in Polar ice cores

1988

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19890034403

___________________________

Methane cycling within sea ice: results from drifting ice during late spring, north of Svalbard

2021

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/2701/2021/

___________________________

Methane-eating microorganisms help regulate emissions from wetlands

June 30, 2015

Without this process, methane emissions from freshwater wetlands could be 30 to 50 percent higher

https://beta.nsf.gov/news/methane-eating-microorganisms-help-regulate-emissions-wetlands

___________________________

Reduced methane emissions in former permafrost soils driven by vegetation and microbial changes following drainage

14 March 2022

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16137

___________________________

Coexisting methane and oxygen excesses in nitrate-limited polar water (Fram Strait) during ongoing sea ice melting

2011

https://bg.copernicus.org/preprints/8/5179/2011/bgd-8-5179-2011.pdf

___________________________

Perhaps World’s Largest Methane Leak Traced to Russian Coal Mine

June 18, 2022

https://www.ecowatch.com/methane-leak-russia-coal-mine.html

___________________________

Global methane emissions soar to record high

July 14, 2020

https://earth.stanford.edu/news/global-methane-emissions-soar-record-high#gs.5jloes

______________

Methane clathrate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate

___________________________

Widespread soil bacterium that oxidizes atmospheric methane

April 8, 2019

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1817812116

___________________________

Atmospheric methane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_methane

___________________________

Is the destruction or removal of atmospheric methane a worthwhile option?

December 6, 2021

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8646139/

___________________________

Methane transport from the active layer to lakes in the Arctic using Toolik Lake, Alaska, as a case study

March 9, 2015

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1417392112

___________________________

NASA Has Detected Millions of Methane Hotspots Littering The Arctic

17 February 2020

https://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-flights-uncover-millions-of-methane-hotspots-hiding-in-clumps-in-the-arctic

___________________________

Toward a statistical description of methane emissions from arctic wetlands

2017 Jan 23

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5258667/

_______________

The Ocean's Foul, Plastic Garbage Has Finally Reached the Arctic

October 23, 2015

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-23/a-sixth-huge-garbage-patch-appears-to-be-forming-in-the-barents-sea

___________________________

2012: Magnetic Pole Reversal Happens All The (Geologic) Time

Nov 30, 2011

https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012-poleReversal.html

___________________________

Toxic Effects of Microplastics on Culture Scenedesmus quadricauda: Interactions between Microplastics and Algae

04 March 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S0096392521040076

___________________________

What Are The Differences Between Geographic Poles And Magnetic Poles Of The Earth?

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-differences-between-geographic-poles-and-magnetic-poles-of-the-earth.html

___________________________

Report reveals high levels of microplastics on Norway's Arctic coast

December 11, 2017

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/node/3311

___________________________

Magnetic north is shifting fast. What’ll happen to the northern lights?

May 22, 2019

https://earthsky.org/earth/magnetic-north-pole-shift-northern-lights/

___________________________

Organochlorines and possible biochemical effects in glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from Bjørnøya, the Barents Sea

2000

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10629287/

___________________________

Chlorinated pesticide concentrations, with an emphasis on polychlorinated camphenes (toxaphenes), in relation to cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in harp seals ( Phoca groenlandica ) from the Barents Sea

1999

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/chlorinated-pesticide-concentrations-with-an-emphasis-on-TW166bwi0K

___________________________

Arctic cooperation and politics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics

Arctic cooperation and politics are partially coordinated via the Arctic Council, composed of the eight Arctic nations: the United States, Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Denmark with Greenland and the Faroe Islands.[1] The dominant governmental power in Arctic policy resides within the executive offices, legislative bodies, and implementing agencies of the eight Arctic nations, and to a lesser extent other nations, such as United Kingdom, Germany, European Union and China. NGOs and academia play a large part in Arctic policy. Also important are intergovernmental bodies such as the United Nations (especially as relates to the Law of the Sea Treaty) and NATO.

___________________________

ASSESSMENT OF BARENTS SEA FLOATING MARINE MACRO LITTER POLLUTION DURING THE VESSEL SURVEY IN 2019

March 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349847090_ASSESSMENT_OF_BARENTS_SEA_FLOATING_MARINE_MACRO_LITTER_POLLUTION_DURING_THE_VESSEL_SURVEY_IN_2019

___________________________

Organotin compounds (OTs) in surface sediments, bivalves and algae from the Russian coast of the Barents Sea (Kola Peninsula) and the Fram Strait (Svalbard Archipelago)

18 January 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-021-18091-0

___________________________

Plastic litter taints the sea surface, even in the Arctic

October 22, 2015

For the first time, researchers survey litter on sea surface at such high latitudes

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151022111337.htm

___________________________

Nitrate assimilation and regeneration in the Barents Sea: insights from nitrate isotopes

2021

https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/18/637/2021/bg-18-637-2021-discussion.html

___________________________

Nitrogen cycling in the Barents Sea-Seasonal dynamics of new and regenerated production in the marginal ice zone

1994

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.4319/lo.1994.39.7.1630

___________________________

A large methane plume east of Bear Island (Barents Sea): implications for the marine methane cycle

February 1995

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00192242

___________________________

Methane cycle in the Barents Sea

September 2008

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225457784_Methane_cycle_in_the_Barents_Sea

___________________________

New study reveals cracks beneath giant, methane gushing craters

June 4, 2020

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200604111619.htm

___________________________

Craters in the Barents Sea Point to Explosive End to the Last Ice Age

June 6, 2017

https://www.21stcentech.com/craters-barents-sea-point-explosive-ice-age/

___________________________

Methane exploded from Arctic sea-floor as Ice Age ended

01 June 2017

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22095

___________________________

Huge Underwater Eruptions Blasted Craters into Arctic Seafloor

June 01, 2017

https://www.livescience.com/59334-exploding-gases-made-giant-craters-arctic-seafloor.html

___________________________

Massive frozen methane domes at the bottom of Arctic sea could soon explode

06/06/17

https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/massive-frozen-methane-domes-bottom-arctic-sea-could-soon-explode-1625027

___________________________

Sulfate reduction and anaerobic oxidation of methane in sediments of the South-Western Barents Sea

2021

https://bg.copernicus.org/preprints/bg-2021-58/bg-2021-58.pdf

___________________________

Massive blow-out craters formed by hydrate-controlled methane expulsion from the Arctic seafloor

2 Jun 2017

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal4500

___________________________

Phosphorus dynamics in the Barents Sea

23 September 2020

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lno.11602

___________________________

Microbial Communities Involved in Methane, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Cycling in the Sediments of the Barents Sea

2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34835487/

___________________________

New Arctic life on barren seabed thrives on methane jets

20 April 2016

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2085232-new-arctic-life-on-barren-seabed-thrives-on-methane-jets/

___________________________

Mercury in Barents Sea fish in the Arctic polar night: Species and spatial comparison

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X2100535X

___________________________

Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in dead and dying glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) at Bjørnøya (Svalbard)

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.511.4813

___________________________

Nitrate assimilation and regeneration in the Barents Sea: insights from nitrogen isotopes

October 2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344561636_Nitrate_assimilation_and_regeneration_in_the_Barents_Sea_insights_from_nitrogen_isotopes

___________________________

Spatial Patterns of Carbon and Nitrogen in Soils of the Barents Sea Coastal Area (Khaypudyrskaya Bay)

10 June 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1064229319030098

___________________________

Areas vulnerable to acute oil pollution in the Norwegian Barents Sea

2005

http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/dnvreport2005vulnerableareas.pdf

___________________________

What is Barents Sea Warming and Atlantification?

June 20, 2022

One of the most emotional impacts of an unnatural weather change is found in the Arctic area. Lately, the ice in the Arctic Sea has been liquefying quickly. In 2007, an enormous piece of the Arctic Sea became without ice in the summer for the first time in living history. It resulted in Barents Sea warming and Atlantification.

https://www.thewonderowl.com/barents-sea-warming-atlantification-2022-upsc/

___________________________

Cryosphere-controlled methane release throughout the last glacial cycle

2018

https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/15559/thesis.pdf

___________________________

Diversity and Abundance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Methane Oxidizers at the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano, Barents Sea

16 March 2007

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Diversity-and-Abundance-of-Aerobic-and-Anaerobic-at-L%C3%B6sekann-Knittel/9a9488afb084c4f8f3e49078260eed54b8a09cdf

___________________________

Concentrations of trace elements and iron in the Arctic soils of Belyi Island (the Kara Sea, Russia): patterns of variation across landscapes

2017 Apr 8

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28389848/

___________________________

Kara Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Sea

There is concern about radioactive contamination from nuclear waste the former Soviet Union dumped in the sea and the effect this will have on the marine environment. According to an official "White Paper" report compiled and released by the Russian government in March 1993, the Soviet Union dumped six nuclear submarine reactors and ten nuclear reactors into the Kara Sea between 1965–1988.[14] Solid high- and low-level wastes unloaded from Northern Fleet nuclear submarines during reactor refuelings were dumped in the Kara Sea, mainly in the shallow fjords of Novaya Zemlya, where the depths of the dumping sites range from 12 to 135 meters, and in the Novaya Zemlya Trough at depths of up to 380 meters. Liquid low-level wastes were released in the open Barents and Kara Seas. A subsequent appraisal by the International Atomic Energy Agency showed that releases are low and localized from the 16 naval reactors (reported by the IAEA as having come from seven submarines and the icebreaker Lenin) which were dumped at five sites in the Kara Sea. Most of the dumped reactors had suffered an accident.

The Soviet submarine K-27 was scuttled in Stepovogo Bay with its two reactors filled with spent nuclear fuel.[16] At a seminar in February 2012 it was revealed that the reactors on board the submarine could re-achieve criticality and explode (a buildup of heat leading to a steam explosion vs. nuclear). The catalogue of waste dumped at sea by the Soviets, according to documents seen by Bellona, includes some 17,000 containers of radioactive waste, 19 ships containing radioactive waste, 14 nuclear reactors, including five that still contain spent nuclear fuel; 735 other pieces of radioactively contaminated heavy machinery, and the K-27 nuclear submarine with its two reactors loaded with nuclear fuel.

___________________________

Light-absorption enhancement of black carbon in the Asian outflow inferred from airborne SP2 and in-situ measurements during KORUS-AQ

2021 Jun 15

https://koreauniv.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/light-absorption-enhancement-of-black-carbon-in-the-asian-outflow

___________________________

Observations on plutonium in the oceans

1995

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0969804395001638

___________________________

Arctic Ocean was once a tub of fresh water covered with a half-mile of ice

February 03, 2021

At at least two points in history, the Arctic was cut off from other oceans.

https://www.livescience.com/arctic-ocean-freshwater.html

___________________________

The Arctic Ocean was covered by a shelf ice and filled with freshwater

February 3, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-02-arctic-ocean-shelf-ice-freshwater.html

___________________________

Scavenging of Thorium Isotopes in the Arctic Regions: Implications for the Fate of Particle-reactive Pollutants

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X00001946

___________________________

Anthropogenic Radionuclides in the Arctic Ocean Distribution and Pathways

1998

https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/629697

___________________________

Links Between Barents‐Kara Sea Ice and the Extratropical Atmospheric Circulation Explained by Internal Variability and Tropical Forcing

2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2019GL085679

___________________________

Revision of data on the activity of wastes dumped in the arctic seas

1999

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/revision-of-data-on-the-activity-of-wastes-dumped-in-the-arctic-seas-H2OPgTe9eI

___________________________

Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

1994

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/180/

___________________________

228Ra and 226Ra in the Kara and Laptev seas*

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278434302001693

___________________________

Recent changes in winter Arctic clouds and their relationships with sea ice and atmospheric conditions

2016

https://a.tellusjournals.se/articles/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29130/

___________________________

The distribution of radiocesium and plutonium in sea ice-entrained arctic sediments in relation to potential sources and sinks*

1998

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X97000581

___________________________

Murmansk Hosts Discussion on Raising Submerged and Dangerous Objects in the Seas of the Arctic Ocean

04-08-2022

https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/2133032-murmansk-hosts-discussion-on-raising-submerged-and-dangerous-objects-in-the-seas-of-the-arctic-ocean

___________________________

Remote identification of radioactive contamination by satellite measurements

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117703004769

___________________________

Transport and transformation of riverine neodymium isotope and rare earth element signatures in high latitude estuaries: A case study from the Laptev Sea***

2017

Highlights

    First comprehensive seawater Nd isotope and REE data for the Laptev Sea.
•

    Dissolved Nd isotopes, salinity and stable oxygen isotopes trace water masses.
•

    No evidence for REE release from particles of the organic-rich Siberian Rivers.
•

    Preferential estuarine LREE removal follows increasing salinity from 10 to 34.
•

    Formation and melting of sea ice redistribute REEs within water column.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X17304491

___________________________

Seawater-Particle Interactions of Rare Earth Elements and Neodymium Isotopes in the Deep Central Arctic Ocean*

15 July 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC017423

___________________________

German scientists warn of changes in Arctic Ocean circulation

19/02/2008

https://www.expatica.com/de/general/german-scientists-warn-of-changes-in-arctic-ocean-circulation-96047/

___________________________

Influence of brine formation on Arctic Ocean circulation over the past 15 million years*

02 December 2007

https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo.2007.5

___________________________

Variations of North Atlantic inflow to the central Arctic Ocean over the last 14 million years inferred from hafnium and neodymium isotopes

2012

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X12004396

___________________________

Microplastics found in waters off Svalbard

October 15, 2015

https://barentsobserver.com/en/nature/2015/10/microplastics-found-waters-svalbard-15-10

___________________________

Coastal environments of the western Kara and eastern Barents Seas

1995

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/096706459500047X

___________________________

History of heavy metal accumulation in the Svalbard area: Distribution, origin and transport pathways

2017 Aug 19

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28830017/

___________________________

Holocene hydrographical changes of the eastern Laptev Sea (Siberian Arctic) recorded in δ18O profiles of bivalve shells

20 January 2017

Abstract

Oxygen isotope profiles along the growth axis of fossil bivalve shells of Macoma calcarea were established to reconstruct hydrographical changes in the eastern Laptev Sea since 8400 cal yr B.P. The variability of the oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in the individual records is mainly attributed to variations in the salinity of bottom waters in the Laptev Sea with a modern ratio of 0.50‰/salinity. The high-resolution δ18O profiles exhibit distinct and annual cycles from which the seasonal and annual salinity variations at the investigated site can be reconstructed. Based on the modern analogue approach oxygen isotope profiles of radiocarbon-dated bivalve shells from a sediment core located northeast of the Lena Delta provide seasonal and subdecadal insights into past hydrological conditions and their relation to the Holocene transgressional history of the Laptev Sea shelf. Under the assumption that the modern relationship between δ18Ow and salinity has been constant throughout the time, the δ18O of an 8400-cal-yr-old bivalves would suggest that bottom-water salinity was reduced and the temperature was slightly warmer, both suggesting a stronger mixture of riverine water to the bottom water. Reconstruction of the inundation history of the Laptev Sea shelf indicates local sea level ∼27 m below present at this time and a closer proximity of the site to the coastline and the Lena River mouth. Due to continuing sea level rise and a southward retreat of the river mouth, bottom-water salinity increased at 7200 cal yr B.P. along with an increase in seasonal variability. Conditions comparable to the modern hydrography were achieved by 3800 cal yr B.P.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/holocene-hydrographical-changes-of-the-eastern-laptev-sea-siberian-arctic-recorded-in-18o-profiles-of-bivalve-shells/49C615FA036B1468382E5E2539979742

___________________________

Heavy metal accumulation in zooplankton and impact of water quality on its community structure

07 January 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-021-09424-x

___________________________

Transport of plutonium in surface and sub-surface waters from the Arctic shelf to the North Pole via the Lomonosov Ridge

2002

https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/eff7d72c-b775-4473-be68-d233e443ac76

___________________________

Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in modern benthic foraminifera from the Laptev Sea shelf: implications for reconstructing proglacial and profluvial environments in the Arctic

2004

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377839804000039

___________________________

Transport and transformation of riverine neodymium isotope and rare earth element signatures in high latitude estuaries: A case study from the Laptev Sea

November 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319441315_Transport_and_transformation_of_riverine_neodymium_isotope_and_rare_earth_element_signatures_in_high_latitude_estuaries_A_case_study_from_the_Laptev_Sea

___________________________

Determination of 137Cs and 90Sr in the bottom sediments from the Barents Sea

04 July 2010

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-010-0657-7

___________________________

The impact of black carbon emissions from projected Arctic shipping on regional ice transport

18 May 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-021-05814-9

___________________________

Thawing Arctic hillsides are major climate change contributors

August 12, 2022

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/08/220812224205.htm

___________________________

The impact of climate variations on fluxes of oxygen in the Barents Sea

May 2002

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248520507_The_impact_of_climate_variations_on_fluxes_of_oxygen_in_the_Barents_Sea

___________________________

Clumped isotope constraints on the origins of reservoir methane from the Barents Sea

04 Apr 2022

https://www.earthdoc.org/content/journals/10.1144/petgeo2021-037

___________________________

Press release: Mercury pollution risk and copper mine waste pollution danger in the Barents Sea

15. February 2019

https://www.nmf.no/2019/02/15/press-release-mercury-pollution-risk-and-copper-mine-waste-pollution-danger-in-the-barents-sea/

___________________________

Impact of shipping emissions on air pollution and pollutant deposition over the Barents Sea

January 2022

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357818847_Impact_of_shipping_emissions_on_air_pollution_and_pollutant_deposition_over_the_Barents_Sea

___________________________

Climate-driven benthic invertebrate activity and biogeochemical functioning across the Barents Sea polar front

31 August 2020

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2019.0365

___________________________

___________

History of heavy metal accumulation in the Svalbard area: Distribution, origin and transport pathways

2017 Aug 19

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28830017/

___________________________

Food webs and carbon flux in the Barents Sea

2006

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661106001315

___________________________

Heavy metals of inshore benthic invertebrates from the Barents Sea

2002

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12699921/

___________________________

Sediment composition and heavy metal distribution in Barents Sea surface samples: results from Institute of Marine Research 2003 and 2004

2008

https://www.ngu.no/en/publikasjon/sediment-composition-and-heavy-metal-distribution-barents-sea-surface-samples-results

___________________________

Large scale distribution of dioxins, PCBs, heavy metals, PAH-metabolites and radionuclides in cod (Gadus morhua) from the North Atlantic and its adjacent seas

2016 Feb 10

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26874057/

___________________________

Microplastics in the Arctic Environment: A Global Plastic Problem

The ugly truth is that plastics have reached every corner of the Earth — including the Arctic

Feb 3, 2021

https://medium.com/climate-conscious/microplastics-in-the-arctic-environment-a-global-plastic-problem-ad236bbd2101

___________________________

Atmospheric forcing dominates winter Barents-Kara sea ice variability on interannual to decadal time scales

August 29, 2022

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2120770119

___________________________

Arctic mercury levels drop during the depths of the winter

August 18, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-08-arctic-mercury-depths-winter.html

___________________________

Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB levels in cod-liver and -muscle from different fishing grounds of the North- and Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic

11 August 2009

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00003-009-0308-5

___________________________

Ocean Heat Transport Into the Barents Sea: Distinct Controls on the Upward Trend and Interannual Variability

06 September 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL083837

___________________________

List of oil and gas fields of the Barents Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_of_the_Barents_Sea

___________________________

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Climate Change: A Worst-Case Combination for Arctic Marine Mammals and Seabirds?

2006

https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/ehp.8057

___________________________

Biomagnification of organochlorines along a Barents Sea food chain

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749100001718

___________________________

Large scale distribution of dioxins, PCBs, heavy metals, PAH-metabolites and radionuclides in cod (Gadus morhua) from the North Atlantic and its adjacent seas

2016

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653516300510

___________________________

First detection of microplastics in deep marine sediments from the Kveithola Trough, Barents Sea

May 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362015733_First_detection_of_microplastics_in_deep_marine_sediments_from_the_Kveithola_Trough_Barents_Sea

_____________

________________

Plutonium in the arctic marine environment--a short review

2004

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15258672/

___________________________

Monitoring the environmental contamination of Kara Sea and shallow bays of Novaya Zemlya

07 January 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10967-016-5163-0

___________________________

Glacial freshwater discharge events recorded by authigenic neodymium isotopes in sediments from the Mendeleev Ridge, western Arctic Ocean

2013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X13001398

___________________________

44444

___________________________

Rising CO2 levels in the ocean could benefit toxic algae, study says

19.11.2018

https://www.carbonbrief.org/rising-co2-levels-ocean-could-benefit-toxic-algae/

___________________________

Microscopic plants called algae grow inside the top layer of sea ice

https://gmatclub.com/forum/microscopic-plants-called-algae-grow-inside-the-top-layer-of-sea-ice-192162.html

___________________________

Seawater-Particle Interactions of Rare Earth Elements and Neodymium Isotopes in the Deep Central Arctic Ocean

2021

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/54429/1/2021JC017423.pdf

___________________________

Glacial and environmental changes in northern Svalbard over the last 16.3 ka inferred from neodymium isotopes

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818121000680

___________________________

The Influence of Water Mass Mixing and Particle Dissolution on the Silicon Cycle in the Central Arctic Ocean

2020

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00202/full

___________________________

Geochemical evidence for seabed fluid flow linked to the subsea permafrost outer border in the South Kara Sea

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009281918300904

___________________________

Paleo-sea ice distribution and polynya variability on the Kara Sea shelf during the last 12 ka

23 March 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41063-018-0040-4

___________________________

Prediction of Oil and Gas Presence in Jurassic-Cretaceous Sediments within the Area of Ob and Taz Gulfs at Kara Sea

December 14, 2018

https://www.rogtecmagazine.com/prediction-of-oil-and-gas-presence-in-jurassic-cretaceous-sediments-within-the-area-of-ob-and-taz-gulfs-at-kara-sea/

___________________________

Particulate matter fluxes in the southern and central Kara Sea compared to sediments: Bulk fluxes, amino acids, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, sterols and fatty acids

2007

https://www.academia.edu/15965425/Particulate_matter_fluxes_in_the_southern_and_central_Kara_Sea_compared_to_sediments_Bulk_fluxes_amino_acids_stable_carbon_and_nitrogen_isotopes_sterols_and_fatty_acids

___________________________

Rosneft and ExxonMobil’s Karmorneftegaz Start Drilling With West Alpha in the Kara Sea

August 9, 2014

https://www.rogtecmagazine.com/rosneft-and-exxonmobil-s-karmorneftegaz-start-drilling-with-west-alpha-in-the-kara-sea/

___________________________

Evidence for Holocene centennial variability in sea ice cover based on IP25 biomarker reconstruction in the southern Kara Sea (Arctic Ocean)

10 February 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00367-017-0501-y

___________________________

Hydrographic structure and variability of the Kara Sea: Implications for pollutant distribution

1995

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0967064595000461

___________________________

Particulate matter fluxes in the southern and central Kara Sea compared to sediments: Bulk fluxes, amino acids, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes, sterols and fatty acids

2007

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278434307002142

___________________________

Changes in Ocean Temperature in the Barents Sea in the 21st Century

10 January 2018

https://ams.confex.com/ams/98Annual/webprogram/Paper323259.html

___________________________

Microplastics: A global disaster in the Arctic Ocean

29 Jan, 2016

https://www.iucn.org/content/microplastics-a-global-disaster-arctic-ocean

___________________________

Assessment of Marine Litter in the Barents Sea, a Part of the Joint Norwegian–Russian Ecosystem Survey

March 2018

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323581023_Assessment_of_Marine_Litter_in_the_Barents_Sea_a_Part_of_the_Joint_Norwegian-Russian_Ecosystem_Survey

___________________________

Plastic piling up in Arctic Ocean

2017

https://www.grandforksherald.com/newsmd/plastic-piling-up-in-arctic-ocean

___________________________

Dynamic and history of methane seepage in the SW Barents Sea: new insights from Leirdjupet Fault Complex

23 February 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83542-0

___________________________

_____________

New data on the concentration of plutonium isotopes in the sediments of the Barents Sea

09 November 2011

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1028334X11100151

___________________________

Disequilibrium Uranium (234U/238U) in Natural Aqueous Objects and Climatic Variations: World Ocean

02 September 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S001670292109007X

___________________________

A 160,000-year-old history of tectonically controlled methane seepage in the Arctic

7 Aug 2019

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1450

___________________________

The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the planet, new research shows

August 11, 2022

https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/11/us/arctic-rapid-warming-climate/index.html

___________________________

Relating temporal and spatial patterns of DMSP in the Barents Sea to phytoplankton biomass and productivity

2015

https://www.docin.com/p-1410531299.html

___________________________

Heavy metals in fish from the Barents Sea (summer 1994)

1999

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10231981/

___________________________

A Closer Look at the Sea Ice Situation in the Barents Sea

Apr 19 2021

https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/closer-look-sea-ice-situation-barents-sea

___________________________

Energy exchange processes in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea, Arctic Ocean, during spring 1999

08 September 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/energy-exchange-processes-in-the-marginal-ice-zone-of-the-barents-sea-arctic-ocean-during-spring-1999/1ADD7585AC4E246C9857E8B2105C2F1A

___________________________

Radiological status of the marine environment in the Barents Sea

2012

https://www.academia.edu/es/18268726/Radiological_status_of_the_marine_environment_in_the_Barents_Sea

___________________________

Norway's Aker BP to drill in Arctic Barents Sea, CEO says

29 August 2022

https://sg.news.yahoo.com/norways-aker-bp-drill-arctic-120604696.html

___________________________

Changes in Ocean Temperature in the Barents Sea in the Twenty-First Century

2017

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26388519

___________________________

Selected anthropogenic and natural radioisotopes in the Barents Sea and off the western coast of Svalbard

2013 Sep 17

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24056048/

___________________________

Adaptation of the light-harvesting complex of the Barents Sea brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus L. to light conditions

2012 Mar 17

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22427226/

___________________________

The Arctic sea ice-cloud radiative negative feedback in the Barents and Kara Sea region

16 July 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-022-04137-x

___________________________

Organic carbon and nitrogen composition in the sediment of the Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene times

26 June 2007

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2007GL030068

___________________________

Radioactivity in the Ocean: Diluted, But Far from Harmless

April 7, 2011

With contaminated water from Japan’s crippled Fukushima nuclear complex continuing to pour into the Pacific, scientists are concerned about how that radioactivity might affect marine life. Although the ocean’s capacity to dilute radiation is huge, signs are that nuclear isotopes are already moving up the local food chain.

https://e360.yale.edu/features/radioactivity_in_the_ocean_diluted_but_far_from_harmless

___________________________

Distribution Patterns of Methane, Hydrogen, and Helium in the Water Column of the Kara Sea

30 January 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S000143702106028X

___________________________

Environment and biology of the Kara Sea: a general view for contamination studies

2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11601532/

___________________________

Coastal environments of the western Kara and eastern Barents Seas

1995

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/096706459500047X

___________________________

Trace Contaminant Concentrations in the Kara Sea and its Adjacent Rivers, Russia*****

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X00002368

___________________________

Sorption/desorption of radioactive contaminants by sediment from the Kara Sea***

1997

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969797001010

___________________________

Two nuclear generators missing in Arctic

2013

https://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2013/08/two-nuclear-generators-missing-arctic-26-08

___________________________

Microbial processes of the carbon and sulfur cycles in the Kara Sea

29 December 2010

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437010060093

___________________________

Sources and sink of black carbon in Arctic Ocean sediments

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969719330104

___________________________

Contamination from Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic and North Pacific***

1995

https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1995/9504/950404.PDF

___________________________

PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL RECORDS FROM PERMAFROST SEQUENCES AT THE KARA SEA COAST (NW SIBERIA, RUSSIA)

2013

https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/140

___________________________

Circumpolar Trends of PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in the Arctic Marine Environment Inferred from Levels in Ringed Seals

2000

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es991245i

___________________________

Sea birds drop radioactivity on land

4 January 2003

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3220-sea-birds-drop-radioactivity-on-land/

___________________________

Shallow carbon storage in ancient buried thermokarst in the South Kara Sea

25 September 2018

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32826-z

___________________________

Arctic seabirds build nests with plastic waste

May 16, 2018

The Barents Sea is one of the global oceans' dead ends, which means plastic from elsewhere is accumulating there.

https://www.arctictoday.com/arctic-seabirds-build-nests-plastic-waste/

___________________________

How do intermittency and simultaneous processes obfuscate the Arctic influence on midlatitude winter extreme weather events?

2021-03-18

https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1853654

___________________________

New study strengthens link between Arctic sea-ice loss and extreme winters

October 26. 2014

https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-strengthens-link-between-arctic-sea-ice-loss-and-extreme-winters/

___________________________

Geomagnetic storm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm

___________________________

Using Foraminifera to Understand the Influence of Antarctic Intermediate Water

http://bios.edu/currents/using-foraminifera-to-understand-the-influence-of-antarctic-intermediate-wa/

___________________________

Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments

1989

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Thorium-and-Uranium-Isotopes-in-Arctic-Sediments-Somayajulu-Sharma/0164278a065aa51d56d284f40c281770d903719a

___________________________

A red tide in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean

02 July 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45935-0

Neodymium concentrations and isotopes help disentangling Siberian river influences on the Arctic Ocean

5 May 2021

https://www.geotraces.org/neodymium-siberian-river-influences/

____________

Shewanella polaris sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from Arctic brown algae

January 2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338932841_Shewanella_polaris_sp_nov_a_psychrotolerant_bacterium_isolated_from_Arctic_brown_algae

___________________________

A red tide in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean

02 July 2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31266996/

___________________________

Harmful Algal Blooms in the Arctic

2018

https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2018/ArtMID/7878/ArticleID/789/Harmful-Algal-Blooms-in-the-Arctic

___________________________

Red Tides Are The Auroras of the Sea

January 27, 2016

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/red-tides-are-the-auroras-of-the-sea

___________________________

A red tide in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean

July 2019

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334189393_A_red_tide_in_the_pack_ice_of_the_Arctic_Ocean

___________________________

Harmful Algae & Red Tides

https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/harmful-algae-red-tides/

___________________________

Harmful Algal Blooms in Arctic Waters

2020

https://www.polartrec.com/expeditions/harmful-algal-blooms-in-arctic-waters

___________________________

In a First, Alaska’s Arctic Waters Appear Poised for Dangerous Algal Blooms

December 2, 2021

https://hakaimagazine.com/news/in-a-first-alaskas-arctic-waters-appear-poised-for-dangerous-algal-blooms/

___________________________

What Exactly Is a Red Tide?*

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/what-exactly-red-tide

___________________________

Toxic red tides and harmful algal blooms: A pratical challenge in coastal oceanography

July 1995

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253706985_Toxic_red_tides_and_harmful_algal_blooms_A_pratical_challenge_in_coastal_oceanography

___________________________

A toxic ‘tide’ is creeping over bountiful Arctic waters

06 October 2021

Off the Alaskan coast, scientists find dense beds of algal cysts from a species that make marine animals poisonous to eat.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02715-z

___________________________

Researchers discover that 'red tide' species is deadlier than first thought

July 23, 2012

https://phys.org/news/2012-07-red-tide-species-deadlier-thought.html

___________________________

Deadly Algae Are Creeping Northward

October 29, 2019

In a warming ocean, Alexandrium algae are shredding marine food webs—and disrupting beloved Alaska traditions.

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/10/plague-toxic-algae-making-shellfish-deadly/600406/

___________________________

Evidence for massive and recurrent toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic

October 4, 2021

Significance

The neurotoxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella is shown to be distributed widely and at high concentrations in bottom sediments and surface waters of the Alaskan Arctic. Future blooms are likely to be large and frequent given hydrographic and bathymetric features that support high cell and cyst accumulations, and warming temperatures that promote bloom initiation from cysts in bottom sediments and cell division in surface waters. As the region undergoes an unprecedented regime shift, the exceptionally widespread and dense cyst and cell distributions represent a significant threat to Arctic communities that are heavily dependent upon subsistence harvesting of marine resources. These observations also highlight how warming can facilitate range expansions of harmful algal bloom species into waters where temperatures were formerly unfavorable.

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2107387118

___________________________

Chemical Composition and Potential Practical Application of 15 Red Algal Species from the White Sea Coast (the Arctic Ocean)

2021 Apr 24

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8123152/

___________________________

What is the Difference Between Red Brown and Green Algae

March 18, 2019

https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-red-brown-and-green-algae/

___________________________

Harmful Algal Blooms in the Alaskan Arctic: An Emerging Threat as the Ocean Warms

April 18, 2022

https://tos.org/oceanography/article/harmful-algal-blooms-in-the-alaskan-arctic-an-emerging-threat-as-the-ocean-warms

___________________________

Arctic Coralline Algae Elevate Surface pH and Carbonate in the Dark.

25 Sep 2018

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30319676

___________________________

How an accelerated warming cycle in Alaska’s Bering Sea is creating ecological havoc***

July 31, 2019

https://www.arctictoday.com/how-an-accelerated-warming-cycle-in-alaskas-bering-sea-is-creating-ecological-havoc/

___________________________

Nitrate supply and uptake in the Atlantic Arctic sea ice zone: seasonal cycle, mechanisms and drivers

31 August 2020

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2019.0361

___________________________

Shelf-basin gradients shape ecological phytoplankton niches and community composition in the coastal Arctic Ocean (Beaufort Sea)

19 April 2017

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lno.10554

___________________________

___________________________

Effects of Reversal of Water Flow in an Arctic Floodplain River on Fluvial Emissions of CO2 and CH4

23 December 2021

When organic matter from thawed permafrost is released, the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs), like carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) in Arctic rivers will be influenced in the future. However, the temporal variation, environmental controls, and magnitude of the Arctic riverine GHGs are largely unknown. We measured in situ high temporal resolution concentrations of CO₂, CH₄, and oxygen (O₂) in the Ambolikha River in northeast Siberia between late June and early August 2019. During this period, the largely supersaturated riverine CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations decreased steadily by 90% and 78%, respectively, while the O₂ concentrations increased by 22% and were driven by the decreasing water temperature. Estimated gas fluxes indicate that during late June 2019, significant emissions of CO₂ and CH₄ were sustained, possibly by external terrestrial sources during flooding, or due to lateral exchange with gas-rich downstream-flowing water. In July and early August, the river reversed its flow constantly and limited the water exchange at the site. The composition of dissolved organic matter and microbial communities analyzed in discrete samples also revealed a temporal shift. Furthermore, the cumulative total riverine CO₂ emissions (36.8 gC-CO₂ m⁻²) were nearly five times lower than the CO₂ uptake at the adjacent floodplain. Emissions of riverine CH₄ (0.21 gC-CH₄ m⁻²) were 16 times lower than the floodplain CH₄ emissions. Our study revealed that the hydraulic connectivity with the land in the late freshet, and reversing flow directions in Arctic streams in summer, regulate riverine carbon replenishment and emissions.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JG006485

___________________________

Arctic marine phytobenthos of northern Baffin Island

31 March 2016

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpy.12417

___________________________

Fatty acid and elemental composition of littoral “green tide” algae from the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea

07 June 2014

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-014-0349-8

___________________________

Nutrient fluxes during extended blooms of Arctic ice algae

1987

https://www.academia.edu/18822911/Nutrient_fluxes_during_extended_blooms_of_Arctic_ice_algae

___________________________

A red tide in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean.

02 Jul 2019

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31266996

___________________________

Algae: Encyclopedia Arctica 5: Plant Sciences (General)

https://collections.dartmouth.edu/teitexts/arctica/diplomatic/EA05-06-diplomatic.html

-

Flora and Vegetation of Arctic Alaska, Yukon, and Northwestern Canada: Encyclopedia Arctica 6: Plant Sciences (Regional)

Written By Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 1879-1962

https://collections.dartmouth.edu/teitexts/arctica/diplomatic/EA06-12-diplomatic.html

___________________________

Arctic marine phytobenthos of northern Baffin Island

2016

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/arctic-marine-phytobenthos-of-northern-baffin-island-xcTE9AWGcp

___________________________

Marine Benthic Algae of the Russian Coasts of the Bering Sea (from Ozernoi Gulf to Dezhnev Bay, including Karaginskii Island)

2002

https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/constancea/83/selivanova/Selivanova.html

___________________________

'Red tide' algal blooms appearing around B.C. coastal waters

Jul 18, 2018

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/red-tide-algal-blooms-algae-bc-coastal-waters-1.4749546

___________________________

Red tide may be linked to Quebec whale deaths

Aug 14, 2008

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/red-tide-may-be-linked-to-quebec-whale-deaths-1.747525

___________________________

A recurring bloom of toxic marine cyanobacteria above the Arctic Circle

https://www.academia.edu/9575271/A_recurring_bloom_of_toxic_marine_cyanobacteria_above_the_Arctic_Circle

___________________________

___________________________

Green Tides

Definition

Green tides are ecological disasters in which massive biomass of one or multiple green seaweed species accumulates in either shallow coastal or open waters, forming drifting canopies and harming the local environment and ecosystem.

Scientific Fundamentals

Green tides are vast accumulations of unattached green macroalgae in either coastal or open waters, causing significant detrimental environmental impacts. As a type of harmful algal blooms (HABs), green tides differ from the other HABs (e.g., red tides, brown tides, and golden tides) obviously with the blooming species, which are predominated by one or multiple green macroalga species. Green microalgae or cyanobacteria blooms (e.g. microcystis blooms in Taihu Lake, China), although, in green color, are blooms of single-cell microalgae, which do not fall into the category of green tides. The green tide is increasing globally, especially along the coasts of America,...

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-10-6963-5_313-1

___________________________

Phytoplankton and red tide*

https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/data-donnees/plankton-plancton/plankton-plancton-eng.html

___________________________

The fate of the Arctic seaweed Fucus distichus under climate change: an ecological niche modeling approach

16 February 2016

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.2001

___________________________

Seaweeds in Cold Seas: Evolution and Carbon Acquisition

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4240374/

___________________________

17 Plants in The Ocean Biome

https://deepoceanfacts.com/plants-in-the-ocean-biome

___________________________

The Scientific Reason Oceans Appear To Be Different Colors

April 19, 2022

https://www.grunge.com/836969/the-scientific-reason-oceans-appear-to-be-different-colors/

___________________________

Siberian Wildfires Doubly Dangerous to Distracted Russia

May 21, 2022

https://www.yourearth.net/siberian-wildfires-doubly-dangerous-to-distracted-russia/

___________________________

15+ Various Tundra Plants That Can Be Found in Tundra Region

https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-tundra-plants.php

___________________________

Northern Lights in Iceland

https://adventures.is/information/about-northern-lights/

Top 10 Prohibited Google Maps Locations You Are NEVER Allowed To Visit
Jan 21, 2023
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iootfjYd0VE

-

A Theory You've Never Heard Of | Michael Robinson | TEDx University of Hartford (White Tribe)

Nov 9, 2015

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn4bvjMh4vc

-

Scientists Terrifying New Discovery Frozen In Ice That Changes Everything

Feb 19, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IehtHEK4mgI

-

Is THIS the Climate Tipping Point of No Return?

Feb 14, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpqZTqIKMxs

-
Freemason draws earth

Jun 29, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPdiqYOaTGY

-
Cycles of 12,000 and 24,000 years leading to cataclysms on Earth | Joe Blundell

Mar 19, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMNJ4Lwoo48

-

Ep092 Winter Solstice 2012-2022 / Arctic Ice Death Spiral? -Kosmographia The Randall Carlson Podcast

Jan 20, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDkff73zoYI

-

The Battle Over 'Pebble Mine' in Alaska's Bristol Bay Region (full documentary) | FRONTLINE

Feb 7, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NNlVrcthXI

-

Sunspots and Sea Surface Temperature

2014

I thought I was done with sunspots … but as the well-known climate scientist Michael Corleone once remarked, “Just when I thought I was out … they pull me back in”. In this case Marcel Crok, the well-known Dutch climate writer, asked me if I’d seen the paper from Nir Shaviv called “Using the Oceans as a Calorimeter to Quantify the Solar Radiative Forcing”, available here. Dr. Shaviv’s paper claims that both the ocean heat content and the ocean sea surface temperature (SST) vary in step with the ~11 year solar cycle. Although it’s not clear what “we” means when he uses it, he says:

“We find that the total radiative forcing associated with solar cycles variations is about 5 to 7 times larger than just those associated with the TSI variations, thus implying the necessary existence of an amplification mechanism, though without pointing to which one.” Since the ocean heat content data is both spotty and incomplete, I looked to see if the much more extensive SST data actually showed signs of the claimed solar-related variation.

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/06/06/sunspots-and-sea-surface-temperature/

-

Graphic: Temperature vs Solar Activity

July 10, 2020

https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/189/graphic-temperature-vs-solar-activity/

-

Ocean Currents and Sea Surface Temperature

2019

https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-01/Ocean%20Currents%20and%20Sea%20Surface%20Temperature.pdf

-

Sea Surface Temperature, Salinity and Density

October 9, 2009

https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3652

-

Geological evidence for the 12,000 year cycle of climate disasters | Douglas Vogt

Jun 3, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAlyvbt8Nlk

-

ICE AGE is coming! THIS Is What Milanković Cycles Will Do To Earth...

Feb 13, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIKALLvkppo

Don't panic, humanity's 'doomsday' seed vault is probably still safe ...

May 20, 2017

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/05/20/dont-panic-humanitys-doomsday-seed-vault-is-probably-still-safe/

-

Ep093 Fossil-filled Blast Wind Muck Deposits in Alaska - Kosmographia The Randall Carlson Podcast

Feb 23, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXgQkeSsNN8

Scientists Discovered How Neanderthals Conquered the Ice Age

Jan 12, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GoboLaTFMs

10 driest places on Earth

November 9, 2015

1. McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: the driest place on Earth

https://ourplnt.com/driest-places/

-

What is the Driest Place on Earth?

June 12, 2008

The driest place on Earth is in Antarctica in an area called the Dry Valleys, which have seen no rain for nearly 2 million years. There is absolutely no precipitation in this region and it makes up a 4800 square kilometer region of almost no water, ice or snow. Water features include Lake Vida, Lake Vanda, Lake Bonney and the Onyx River. There is no net gain of water. The reason why this region receives no rain is due to Katabatic winds, winds from the mountains that are so heavy with moisture that gravity pulls them down and away from the Valleys.

One feature of note is Lake Bonney, a saline lake situated in the Dry Valleys. It is permanently covered with 3 to 5 meters of ice. Scientists have found mummified bodies of seals around the lake. Lake Vanda, also in the region, is 3 times saltier than the ocean. Temperatures at the bottom of this lake are as warm as 25 degrees Celsius.

The next driest place in the world measured by the amount of precipitation that falls is the Atacama Desert in Chile and Peru. There are no glaciers that are feeding water to this area; and thus, very little life can survive. Some weather stations in this region have received no rain for years, while another station reports an average of one millimeter per year.

https://www.universetoday.com/15031/driest-place-on-earth/

-

The ground is softening. Something is shifting in Antarctica’s McMurdo Dry Valleys

May 21, 2020

The first water measurements here were taken in 1903. Long-term monitoring since then tells the tale of an abrupt ecosystem shift

https://massivesci.com/articles/antarctica-dry-valley-melting-ozone-water-climate-change-science-friday/

-

PERMAFROST PROPERTIES IN THE McMURDO SOUND–DRY VALLEY REGION OF ANTARCTICA

1998

https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/ICOP/40770716/CD-ROM/Proceedings/PDF001189/019136.pdf

-

Searching for Organic Carbon in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica

6 December 2017

Researchers identify the first evidence of microbial respiration in desiccated Antarctic permafrost soils.

https://eos.org/research-spotlights/searching-for-organic-carbon-in-the-dry-valleys-of-antarctica

-

-

Valley floor climate observations from the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica, 1986–2000

21 December 2002

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001JD002045

-

-

Geochemistry of aeolian material from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Insights into Southern Hemisphere dust sources

2020

https://dwirokue.afphila.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X20304040

-

-

-

Observations of platelet ice growth and oceanographic conditions during the winter of 2003 in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

31 Mar 2006

https://typeset.io/papers/observations-of-platelet-ice-growth-and-oceanographic-3g6vtk51dj

-

Ice-sheet expansion from the Ross Sea into McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during the last two glaciations

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379122000105

-

Influence of Late Holocene climate on Lake Eggers hydrology, McMurdo Sound

11 February 2021

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/influence-of-late-holocene-climate-on-lake-eggers-hydrology-mcmurdo-sound/063189BE64FC2668C257FEEE4DB753E0
-

-

-

https://www.britannica.com/place/McMurdo-Sound

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wxJP1l3qzU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ0jg0L9Z2U

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/49600/sea-ice-in-mcmurdo-sound-antarctica

-

What Are the Dry Valleys of Antarctica?

May 29 2018

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-dry-valleys-of-antarctica.html

The Dry Valleys of Antarctica refers to the McMurdo Dry Valleys, which are located in the Transantarctic Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. Instead of being covered in snow and ice like most valleys in Antarctica, the Dry Valleys are dry and covered with dirt, granite, and gravel. The low humidity levels prevent precipitation from forming and the high sides have kept glaciers from sliding down into the base of the valleys. This part of the continent is home to the Onyx River, which connects Lake Vanda and Lake Brownworth and is considered the continent's longest river. Additionally, Lake Vida is located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, and has a higher salinity level than the surrounding ocean, and therefore harbored frozen 2,800-year-old microbes that were brought back to life in 2002. A number of other bodies of water are found here, including Lake Miers, Don Juan Pond, and Kite Stream.

The McMurdo Dry Valleys are made up of 15 separate valleys. Of these 15 valleys, the principal formations are: the Taylor Valley, Wright Valley, and Victoria Valley.
Taylor Valley

Taylor Valley is located at the southernmost point of the dry valley region in Antarctica and measures approximately 18 miles in length. Taylor Glacier once occupied the majority of the valley, although over time the glacier receded and is now located on the western side of Taylor Valley. To its east sits the New Harbour Bay. The valley is home to several bodies of water, including: Mummy Pond, Parera Pond, Lake Chad, Lake Fryxell, Lake Bonney, Lake Chad, Lake Popplewell, and Lake Hoare. It was first identified at the beginning of the 20th century by the British National Antarctic Expedition.
Wright Valley

Wright Valley is located in the middle of the three primary McMurdo Dry Valleys. To its east lies the McMurdo Sound and to its west lies the Labyrinth upland region. The valley is home to Lake Brownworth, which supplies water for the Onyx River, which is the longest river in Antarctica. Additionally, Lake Vanda, another source of water for the Onyx River, is located in Wright Valley. Despite its large size, it was one of the last McMurdo Dry Valleys to be discovered. Records indicate that it was identified during the 1940s, when aerial pictures of the region were taken. Later, in the 1960s, the Antarctic Division of New Zealand and the National Science Foundation of the United States identified the need for a permanent research base in the valley, and as a result the Vanda Station was later built. Today, it has been replaced by Lake Vanda Hut, which is a weather station.
Victoria Valley

Victoria Valley is the northernmost of the largest McMurdo Dry Valleys. It is situated between the Olympus Mountain Range to the south and the St. Johns Mountain Range to the north. To its west are three minor dry valleys: Balham, McKelvey, and Barwick. Like the other large valleys, Victoria Valley is home to a number of bodies of water, including: Victoria River (which drains into the Upper Victoria Lake), Lake Thomas, and Lake Vida (the largest lake in Antarctica).

-

Wright Valley

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Valley

The Wright Valley, named after Sir Charles Wright, is the central one of the three large Dry Valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains, located west of McMurdo Sound at approximately 77°10′S 161°50′E. Wright Valley contains the Onyx River, the longest river in Antarctica, Lake Brownworth, the origin of the Onyx River, and Lake Vanda, which is fed by the Onyx River. Its southwestern branch, South Fork, is the location of Don Juan Pond. The upland area known as the Labyrinth is at the valley's west end.

Although portions of the interconnected valley system were discovered in 1903 by the Discovery expedition led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott, the Wright Valley located near the centre of the system was not seen until aerial photographs of the region were made in 1947.[1] By the mid 1960s scientists were becoming increasingly intrigued by the paradoxical fact that the valley lay immediately adjacent to the permanent East Antarctic Ice Sheet, yet had remained ice-free for at least thousands of years.[2] Although Lake Vanda is covered by roughly 3 metres (9.8 ft) of ice year-round, lake temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) had been reliably measured at a depth of 65 metres (213 ft).[3]

Increasing summer field activity and a clear need to establish a winter record led New Zealand's Antarctic Division and the National Science Foundation of the United States to plan a more permanent base in the valley. In 1968 New Zealand established Vanda Station near the eastern end of Lake Vanda.

Martin Cirque occupies the south wall of Wright Valley between Denton Glacier and Nichols Ridge.

-

Something Inexplicable Is Happening In Antarctica!

Feb 5, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYX4FDFEYf4

-

Strangest Discoveries From Antarctica

Feb 9, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUdCMBzBszs

-

The Largest Underwater Volcano FINALLY Woke Up And Something Terrifying Is Happening!

Feb 1, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnBv9A85N1Q

-

Pole Shift Is HAPPENING! Earth's Magnetic Field Is Getting Weaker!

Feb 4, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d55np01aPU

-

Clays in Antarctica from millions of years ago reveal past climate changes

January 23, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-01-clays-antarctica-millions-years-reveal.html

-
Does Elon Musk Believe in a Lost Civilization? - Joe Rogan

2022

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/pSFrHymK2q4

-
The Most Mysterious Places on Earth 4K - ReYOUniverse

Jan 2, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdsKw0dKSsg

-

How To Get a Job in Antarctica | How to Work in Antarctica

Jan 1, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WZuSVlX9Xo

-

There are millions more Adelie penguins in Antarctica than we thought

March 16, 2017

https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2017/03/there-are-millions-more-adelie-penguins-in-antarctica-than-we-thought/

-

150,000 penguins 'killed off' by giant iceberg in Antarctica

13 February 2016

https://www.itv.com/news/2016-02-13/150-000-penguins-killed-off-by-giant-iceberg-in-antartica

-

Creatures Made of Glass in Antarctica – Ariel Waldman's Talk at Eyeo 2022

Jan 8, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJ9qNrfgsMM

-

CIA Classified Book about the Pole Shift, Mass Extinctions and The True Adam & Eve Story

Jan 12, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4n3fkTq_p0o

-

Terrifying New Discovery Under Antarctica's Ice Changes Everything

Jan 13, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY6mds-T8pw

-

Nuclear Explosion seen from New Zealand!

2022

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/2kU-OzhexUk

Holocene variability in sea ice cover, primary production, and Pacific-Water inflow and climate change in the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas (Arctic Ocean)
Ice export from the Laptev and East Siberian Sea derived from δ18O values

-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bO3zsfYuRA
http://te.youramys.com/how-many-ice-ages-were-there-in-the-cenozoic-era

-

https://www.gonomad.com/1883-yellowknife-canada-diamonds-in-the-rough

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-44595-3_5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diavik_Diamond_Mine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_pipe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberlite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekati_Diamond_Mine

https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/sites/hss/files/resources/faqs-arsenic-levels-lakes-around-yellowknife_1.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Lithalsa-and-ground-ice-examples-in-the-Great-Slave-Lowland-A-Yellowknife-River_fig2_282327509

https://www.iexplore.com/destinations/northwest-territories/yellowknife-diamond-capital-of-north-america

Arctic Ocean Circulation: Going Around At the Top Of the World

2013

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/arctic-ocean-circulation-going-around-at-the-102811553/

Assessing the Contributions of Atmospheric/Meteoric Water and Sea Ice Meltwater and Their Influences on Geochemical Properties in Estuaries of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

1 July 2019

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Assessing-the-Contributions-of-Atmospheric-Meteoric-Alkire-Jacobson/b7eb17bf02c52b397788e1667d9825301c961124

-

Canada Basin

The Canada Basin is a deep oceanic basin within the Arctic Ocean.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It is part of the Amerasian Basin and lies off the coast of Alaska and northwest Canada between the Chukchi Plateau north of Alaska and the Alpha Ridge north of Ellesmere Island.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Basin

-

Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean: Evidence against a rotational origin

26 July 2010

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/97TC00432

-

Evolution of the Deep Water in the Canadian Basin in the Arctic Ocean

01 May 2006

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/36/5/jpo2906.1.xml

-

Winter sea-ice melt in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean

15 February 2012

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011GL050219

-

-

Geological controls on the present temperature field of the western Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago

20 January 2017

https://www.earthdoc.org/content/journals/10.1111/bre.12232

-

-

-

Alkaline picritic volcanism on northern Ellesmere Island associated with initial rifting of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic

21 March 2023

https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjes-2022-0106

-

Mesozoic rift to post-rift tectonostratigraphy of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic

May 2016

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302982284_Mesozoic_rift_to_post-rift_tectonostratigraphy_of_the_Sverdrup_Basin_Canadian_Arctic

-

Geological evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the salt-cored Hoodoo Dome, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada

2015

https://balistarling.afphila.com/science/article/pii/S026481721530146X

-

Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous paleoclimate of Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago inferred from the palynostratigraphy

2013

https://balistarling.afphila.com/science/article/pii/S0264817213000068

-

Gas hydrate contribution to Late Permian global warming

2014

https://balistarling.afphila.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14001460

-

Kinematic model of the opening of the Canadian Basin, Arctic Ocean

28 August 2013

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437013040127

-

-

-

-

-

Makarov Basin

submarine basin, Arctic Ocean

The Makarov Basin lies between the Alpha Cordillera and the Lomonosov Ridge, and its floor is at a depth of 13,200 feet. The largest subbasin of the Arctic Ocean is the Canada Basin, which extends approximately 700 miles from the Beaufort Shelf to the Alpha Cordillera.…

https://www.britannica.com/place/Makarov-Basin

-

-

-

Jurassic and cretaceous foreland basin deposits of the Russian arctic: Separated by birth of the makarov basin?

2008

https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/jurassic-and-cretaceous-foreland-basin-deposits-of-the-russian-ar

-

Crustal structure of the Makarov Basin, Arctic Ocean determined by seismic refraction

30 April 1999

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Crustal-structure-of-the-Makarov-Basin%2C-Arctic-by-Sorokin-Zamansky/a868bd3ecd727928543915e6d86e7b706d94c77d

-

Changes in Arctic Halocline Waters Along the East Siberian Slope and in the Makarov Basin From 2007 to 2020

12 August 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC018082

-

Changes in Freshwater Distribution and Pathways in the Arctic Ocean Since 2007 in the Mercator Ocean Global Operational System

27 May 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC017701

-

A sedimentary record from the Makarov Basin, Arctic Ocean, reveals changing middle to Late Pleistocene glaciation patterns

1 October 2021

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-sedimentary-record-from-the-Makarov-Basin%2C-Arctic-Xiao-Polyak/0aa2c37989b1c011ed43ff09dda19fdccac6681f

-

A comment about "A sedimentary record from the Makarov Basin, Arctic Ocean, reveals changing middle to Late Pleistocene glaciation patterns" (Quat. Sci. Rev., 270 (2021), p. 107176) from W. Xiao, L. Polyak, R. Wang, C. Not, L. Dong, Y. Liu, T. Ma, T. Zhang

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379121004467

-

Climate Change Impacts to the Arctic Ocean Revealed From High Resolution GEOTRACES 210Po-210Pb-226Ra Disequilibria Studies ***

06 April 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC018359

-

-

Amundsen Basin

The Amundsen Basin, with depths up to 4.4 km (2.7 mi), is the deepest abyssal plain in the Arctic Ocean, and contains the geographic North Pole. The Amundsen Basin is embraced by the Lomonosov Ridge (from 81°N 140°E to 80°N 40°W) and the Gakkel Ridge (from 81°N 120°E to 85°N 10°E). It is named after the polar researcher Roald Amundsen. Together with the Nansen Basin, the Amundsen Basin is often summarized as Eurasian Basin.

The Russian-American cooperation Nansen and Amundsen Basin Observational System (NABOS) aims "to provide a quantitative observationally based assessment of circulation, water mass transformations, and transformation mechanisms in the Eurasian and Canadian Basins of the Arctic Ocean".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Basin

-

Depositional Evolution of the Western Amundsen Basin, Arctic Ocean: Paleoceanographic and Tectonic Implications

05 October 2018

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018PA003414

-

Internal Wave Frequency Spectrum in the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean Inferred from Ice Tethered CTD Instruments

29 March 2018

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-71934-4_37

-

Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean

https://tectonics.stanford.edu/plate-tectonic-evolution-amerasia-basin-arctic-ocean

-

Model of Formation of the Sedimentary System of the Eurasian Basin, the Arctic Ocean, as a Basis for Reconstructing Its Tectonic Evolution

26 November 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S001685212105006X

-

Thermohaline staircases in the Amundsen Basin: Possible disruption by shear and mixing

25 August 2017

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JC012993

-

Russia conducts research into the depths of the Arctic Ocean

20 march 2023

https://www.rough-polished.com/en/arctic/130151.html

-

Will low primary production rates in the Amundsen Basin (Arctic Ocean) remain low in a future ice-free setting, and what governs this production?

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924796319304245

-

Sedimentary structure of the Nansen and Amundsen basins, Arctic Ocean

January 2004

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238500967_Sedimentary_structure_of_the_Nansen_and_Amundsen_basins_Arctic_Ocean

-

Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean

6 Apr 2017

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aai8204

-

SIDEBAR • Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System (NABOS): Contributing to Understanding Changes in the Arctic

March 24, 2022

https://tos.org/oceanography/article/nansen-and-amundsen-basins-observational-system-nabos-contributing-to-understanding-changes-in-the-arctic

-

Extensional Structures of the Central Arctic Uplifts Complex

12 June 2018

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-77742-9_9

-

-

Chukchi Plateau

The Chukchi Plateau or Chukchi Cap is a large subsea formation extending north from the Alaskan margin into the Arctic Ocean. The ridge is normally covered by ice year-round, and reaches an approximate bathymetric prominence of 3,400 m with its highest point at 246 m below sea level.[1] As a subsea ridge extending from the continental shelf of the United States north of Alaska, the Chukchi Plateau is an important feature in maritime law of the Arctic Ocean and has been the subject of significant geographic research. The ridge has been extensively mapped by the USCGC Healy, and by the Canadian icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent (with the Healy) in 2011 and RV Marcus Langseth, a National Science Foundation vessel operated by the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Plateau

-

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE CHUKCHI BORDERLAND

December 2008

https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2008-12-120/ARRIGONI-THESIS.pdf;sequence=2

-

-

-

Late quaternary ice-rafted detritus events in the Chukchi Basin, western Arctic Ocean

17 September 2009

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11434-009-0424-8

-

Heat Flow Distribution in the Chukchi Borderland and Surrounding Regions, Arctic Ocean

16 December 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GC010033

-

Investigating Eddies from Coincident Seismic and Hydrographic Measurements in the Chukchi Borderlands, the Western Arctic Ocean

3 October 2022

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigating-Eddies-from-Coincident-Seismic-and-in-Zhang-Song/bcc715a6a22f27d267e8e9fd87e1555eb86070f6#citing-papers

-

Metalloenzyme signatures in authigenic carbonates from the Chukchi Borderlands in the western Arctic Ocean

05 October 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21184-6

-

Isolating different natural and anthropogenic PAHs in the sediments from the northern Bering-Chukchi margin: Implications for transport processes in a warming Arctic

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720331284

-

Zooplankton assemblages along the North American Arctic: Ecological connectivity shaped by ocean circulation and bathymetry from the Chukchi Sea to Labrador Sea

November 09 2022

https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/10/1/00053/194647/Zooplankton-assemblages-along-the-North-American

-

Metabarcoding of zooplankton diversity within the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean: improved resolution from multi-gene markers and region-specific DNA databases

February 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348362633_Metabarcoding_of_zooplankton_diversity_within_the_Chukchi_Borderland_Arctic_Ocean_improved_resolution_from_multi-gene_markers_and_region-specific_DNA_databases

-

Bedrock samples from the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean—First Chinese dredge in the polar regions

16 November 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13131-019-1507-2

-

Meso–Cenozoic evolution of the southwestern Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264817218301752

-

Origin and Fate of the Chukchi Slope Current Using a Numerical Model and In‐Situ Data

May 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351214096_Origin_and_Fate_of_the_Chukchi_Slope_Current_Using_a_Numerical_Model_and_In-Situ_Data

-

The Hidden Ocean 2016: Chukchi Borderlands

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/16arctic/background/edu/edu.html

-

-

Scientific drilling in the Chukchi Sea: Linking North Pacific and Arctic Ocean history

2013

https://research.byrd.osu.edu/workshops/sdcs_2013/preamble.php

-

-

-

Dramatic transformation of the Arctic landscape may be permanent

December 09, 2020

https://www.livescience.com/agu-arctic-report-card-2020.html

-

-

-

Canada in the Arctic - Arctic Oil and Gas: Reserves, Activities, and Disputes

April 25, 2012

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/canada-arctic-oil-gas-part1/

-

National Guard, Canada conduct tactical Arctic insertion

March 20, 2023

https://www.army.mil/article/265003/national_guard_canada_conduct_tactical_arctic_insertion

-

Canadian and U.S. military conduct first-ever joint platoon movement on arctic ice

March 19, 2023

https://alert5.com/2023/03/19/canadian-and-u-s-military-conduct-first-ever-joint-platoon-movement-on-arctic-ice/

-

Biden’s green light to drill oil in Alaska threatens Indigenous Canadians

March 21, 2023

https://rabble.ca/politics/canadian-politics/bidens-green-light-to-drill-oil-in-alaska-threatens-indigenous-canadians/

-

Reports: Canada Found, Retrieved Chinese Spy Buoys in Arctic

March 01, 2023

https://www.voanews.com/a/reports-canada-found-retrieved-spy-buoys-in-arctic/6985742.html

-

A Massive Surge in Plankton Has Researchers Pondering the Future of the Arctic

September 9, 2020

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/massive-surge-plankton-has-researchers-pondering-future-arctic

-

Why Orcas have been lingering longer in the Arctic

December 3, 2021

https://www.npr.org/2021/12/03/1061333587/why-orcas-have-been-lingering-longer-in-the-arctic

-

Bowhead whales’ migration patterns have shifted in the Arctic

March 19, 2023

https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/wildlife/2023/03/19/bowhead-whales-migration-patterns-have-shifted-in-the-arctic/

-

-

Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean

27 February 2017

https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3228

-

-

-

Accumulation processes of trace metals into Arctic sea ice: distribution of Fe, Mn and Cd associated with ice structure

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304420318301713

-

-

Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data

2017

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661117302215

-

-

Diatoms and the Ecological Conditions of Their Growth in Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean

20 May 1966

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.152.3725.1089

-

-

-

Microfaunal Recording of Recent Environmental Changes in the Herschel Basin, Western Arctic Ocean

20 March 2023

https://arctic.au.dk/news-and-events/news/show/artikel/microfaunal-recording-of-recent-environmental-changes-in-the-herschel-basin-western-arctic-ocean

-

Pervasive distribution of polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs

12 January 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20347-1

-
A new glacial isostatic adjustment model of the Innuitian Ice Sheet, Arctic Canada

2015

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379115001493

-

Post-Glacial Isostatic Adjustment and Global Warming in Subarctic Canada: Implications for Islands of the James Bay Region

2009

https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic62-4-458.pdf

-

Glacial isostatic adjustment as a control on coastal processes: An example from the Siberian Arctic

1 August 2007

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Glacial-isostatic-adjustment-as-a-control-on-An-the-Whitehouse-Allen/4587714a89773ffc89176e73057b6175ae168b74

-

Workshop on Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, Ice Sheets, and Sea-level Change

2019

https://www.arcus.org/events/arctic-calendar/29197

-

Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018

10 December 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1855-2

-

Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) in Greenland: a Review

05 July 2016

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40641-016-0040-z

-

Evaluating Greenland glacial isostatic adjustment corrections using GRACE, altimetry and surface mass balance data

15 January 2014

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/014004

-

Total isostatic response to the complete unloading of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets

06 July 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-15440-y

-

Constraint of glacial isostatic adjustment in the North Sea with geological relative sea level and GNSS vertical land motion data

07 July 2021

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-abstract/227/2/1168/6316780?login=false

-

Glacial isostatic adjustment directed incision of the Channeled Scabland by Ice Age megafloods

December 15, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2109502119

-

On Some Properties of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Fingerprints

5 September 2019

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/9/1844

-

-

-

What is glacial isostatic adjustment?

Glacial isostatic adjustment is the ongoing movement of land once burdened by ice-age glaciers.

Earth is always on the move, constantly, if slowly, changing. Temperatures rise and fall in cycles over millions of years. The last ice age occurred just 16,000 years ago, when great sheets of ice, two miles thick, covered much of Earth's Northern Hemisphere. Though the ice melted long ago, the land once under and around the ice is still rising and falling in reaction to its ice-age burden.

This ongoing movement of land is called glacial isostatic adjustment. Here's how it works: Imagine lying down on a soft mattress and then getting up from the same spot. You see an indentation in the mattress where your body had been, and a puffed-up area around the indentation where the mattress rose. Once you get up, the mattress takes a little time before it relaxes back to its original shape.

Even the strongest materials (including the Earth's crust) move, or deform, when enough pressure is applied. So when ice by the megaton settled on parts of the Earth for several thousand years, the ice bore down on the land beneath it, and the land rose up beyond the ice's perimeter—just like the mattress did when you lay down on and then got up off of it.

That's what happened over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere during the last ice age, when ice covered the Midwest and Northeast United States as well as much of Canada. Even though the ice retreated long ago, North America is still rising where the massive layers of ice pushed it down. The U.S. East Coast and Great Lakes regions—once on the bulging edges, or forebulge, of those ancient ice layers—are still slowly sinking from forebulge collapse.

Forbulge collapse is one of the larger causes of ground movement in the United States. Many places in the Eastern U.S. have been sinking for thousands of years and will continue to sink for thousands more. In fact, estimates say land around the Chesapeake Bay will sink as much as half a foot over the next 100 years because of the forebulge collapse. Other big contributors to ground movement in the U.S. include earthquakes and subsidence. Subsidence is when the ground sinks, either due to natural causes or when resources like water, gas, and oil are pumped out of the ground.

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/glacial-adjustment.html

-

-

Present-day glacial isostatic adjustment of Antarctica

Changes in mass balance (or the amount of ice that has melted) can be measured using space-geodetic techniques that detect variations in the Earth's gravity field and changes in ice height. Both satellite altimetry (used to measure ice topography heights) and GRACE (measures changes in potential) are sensitive to ongoing changes in continental lithosphere from glacial isostatic adjustment, the visco-elastic response of the Earth to the removal of a load after significant ice sheet melting over the past 10,000 years.

The rate of present-day uplift can be estimated using data from permanent GPS installations in Antarctica and can provide constraints on the modelling of the timing and amount of ice that has melted. Since 1998, RSES has installed and operated a network of remote GPS sites in East Antarctica specifically to estimate the isostatic adjustment pattern in the region. Uplift rates are significantly lower than anticipated, implying that either less ice has melted than is incorporated in the glaciology models or that the melting process ended earlier than expected.

Cosmogenic exposure dating utilises the amount of bombardment of cosmic particles that rocks have undergone to calculate when the rocks were exposed to the atmosphere. This provides constraints on the retreat of ice sheets. Coupled with dating of raised marine platforms, lake sediments and biological samples, past ice histories can be reconstructed to generate predicted present-day uplift scenarios that can be compared to observed uplift rates from GPS.

https://earthsciences.anu.edu.au/research/research-projects/present-day-glacial-isostatic-adjustment-antarctica

-

-

What is glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and why do you correct for it?

https://sealevel.colorado.edu/index.php/presentation/what-glacial-isostatic-adjustment-gia-and-why-do-you-correct-it

-

Post-glacial rebound

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound

Post-glacial rebound (also called isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses after the removal of the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, which had caused isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.[1] The direct raising effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia, Northern America, Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through the processes of ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.

Overview

Changes in the elevation of Lake Superior due to glaciation and post-glacial rebound

During the last glacial period, much of northern Europe, Asia, North America, Greenland and Antarctica was covered by ice sheets, which reached up to three kilometres thick during the glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago. The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region. At the end of each glacial period when the glaciers retreated, the removal of this weight led to slow (and still ongoing) uplift or rebound of the land and the return flow of mantle material back under the deglaciated area. Due to the extreme viscosity of the mantle, it will take many thousands of years for the land to reach an equilibrium level.

The uplift has taken place in two distinct stages. The initial uplift following deglaciation was almost immediate due to the elastic response of the crust as the ice load was removed. After this elastic phase, uplift proceeded by slow viscous flow at an exponentially decreasing rate.[citation needed] Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm/year or less. In northern Europe, this is clearly shown by the GPS data obtained by the BIFROST GPS network;[3] for example in Finland, the total area of the country is growing by about seven square kilometers per year.[4][5] Studies suggest that rebound will continue for at least another 10,000 years. The total uplift from the end of deglaciation depends on the local ice load and could be several hundred metres near the centre of rebound.

Recently, the term "post-glacial rebound" is gradually being replaced by the term "glacial isostatic adjustment". This is in recognition that the response of the Earth to glacial loading and unloading is not limited to the upward rebound movement, but also involves downward land movement, horizontal crustal motion,[3][6] changes in global sea levels[7] and the Earth's gravity field,[8] induced earthquakes,[9] and changes in the Earth's rotation.[10] Another alternate term is "glacial isostasy", because the uplift near the centre of rebound is due to the tendency towards the restoration of isostatic equilibrium (as in the case of isostasy of mountains). Unfortunately, that term gives the wrong impression that isostatic equilibrium is somehow reached, so by appending "adjustment" at the end, the motion of restoration is emphasized.

-

Widespread low rates of Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment revealed by GPS observations

16 November 2011

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011GL049277

-

Glacial isostatic adjustment and post-seismic deformation in Antarctica

10 November 2022

https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/M56-2022-13

-

Ocean loading effects on the prediction of Antarctic glacial isostatic uplift and gravity rates

12 February 2010

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-010-0368-4

-

An investigation of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment over the Amundsen Sea sector, West Antarctica******

2012

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818112001567

-

Glacial Isostatic Adjustment

29 October 2020

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-42584-5_15

-

-

Time lapse: Watch glaciers rise, fall in thousands of years per second

March 27, 2019

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2854/time-lapse-watch-glaciers-rise-fall-in-thousands-of-years-per-second/

-

Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017

2018 Jun 13

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899482/

-

A new glacial isostatic adjustment model for Antarctica: calibrated and tested using observations of relative sea-level change and present-day uplift rates

27 June 2012

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05557.x

-

Glacial isostatic adjustment and post-seismic deformation in Antarctica

February 08, 2023

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsl/books/edited-volume/2439/chapter/135861391/Glacial-isostatic-adjustment-and-post-seismic

-

Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment: a new assessment

18 November 2005

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/antarctic-glacial-isostatic-adjustment-a-new-assessment/9922D0DBA6B15C5513279A1D79407D95

-

Glacial-Isostatic Adjustment Models Using Geodynamically Constrained 3D Earth Structures

25 October 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GC009853

-

A new glacial isostatic adjustment model for Antarctica: calibrated and tested using observations of relative sea-level change and present-day uplift rates

01 September 2012

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/190/3/1464/570434?login=false

-

Feasibility of a global inversion for spatially resolved glacial isostatic adjustment and ice sheet mass changes proven in simulation experiments

10 October 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-022-01651-8

-

Spatial and temporal Antarctic Ice Sheet mass trends, glacio-isostatic adjustment, and surface processes from a joint inversion of satellite altimeter, gravity, and GPS data

2016 Feb 3

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27134805/

-

Detection of Crustal Uplift Deformation in Response to Glacier Wastage in Southern Patagonia

18 January 2023

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/3/584/htm

-

High geothermal heat flow beneath Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica inferred from aeromagnetic data

18 August 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00242-3

Tree Taxa Affirm A Much Warmer Alpine Climate Than Today For Nearly All Of The Last 10,000 Years

2023

https://notrickszone.com/2023/03/16/tree-taxa-affirm-a-much-warmer-alpine-climate-than-today-for-nearly-all-of-the-last-10000-years/

-

Lomonosov Ridge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov_Ridge

The Lomonosov Ridge (Russian: Хребет Ломоносова, Danish: Lomonosovryggen) is an unusual underwater ridge of continental crust in the Arctic Ocean. It spans 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) between the New Siberian Islands over the central part of the ocean to Ellesmere Island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.[1] The ridge divides the Arctic Basin into the Eurasian Basin and the Amerasian Basin. The width of the Lomonosov Ridge varies from 60 to 200 kilometres (37 to 124 mi). It rises 3,300 to 3,700 metres (10,800 to 12,100 ft) above the 4,200-metre (13,800 ft) deep seabed. The minimum depth of the ocean above the ridge is less than 400 metres (1,300 ft).[2] Slopes of the ridge are relatively steep, broken up by canyons, and covered with layers of silt. It is an aseismic ridge.[3]

The Lomonosov Ridge was first discovered by the Soviet high-latitude expeditions in 1948 and is named after Mikhail Lomonosov. The name was approved by the GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN).[4]

Territorial dispute

In the 2000s, the geological structure of the ridge attracted international attention due to a 20 December 2001 official submission by the Russian Federation to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (article 76, paragraph 8). The document proposed establishing new outer limits for the Russian continental shelf, beyond the previous 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) zone, but within the Russian Arctic sector.[5] The territory claimed by Russia in the submission is a large portion of the Arctic reaching the North Pole.[6] One of the arguments was a statement that the underwater Lomonosov Ridge and Mendeleev Ridge are extensions of the Eurasian continent.[1] In 2002 the UN Commission neither rejected nor accepted the Russian proposal, recommending additional research.[5]

Danish scientists hope to prove that the ridge is an extension of Greenland, rather than an extension of Canada's adjacent Ellesmere Island, and Denmark became another claimant to the area in 2014.[8] Canada, also a claimant, asserts that the ridge is an extension of its continental shelf. In April 2007, Canadian and Russian scientists were sent to map the ridge as a possible precedent for determining sovereignty over the area.[1] In late June 2007, Russian scientists reiterated their claim that the ridge is an extension of Russia's territory,[9] and in 2011 a Russian scientist ignored Canada's claim, instead saying that Russia and Denmark claim different parts of the ridge and the claims are not conflicting.[10] Other sources indicate that some areas are disputed.[11]

Canada is expected to make further claims. Denmark and Russia have agreed to follow certain procedures when making claims.[13] If the Danish claims are accepted by the Commission in summer 2015,[8] the distribution of areas may still be a matter of negotiation between claiming countries – a process which can take several years.[14][needs update] The rhetoric used in making claims is also subject to discussion.[15]

A 21-member UN arbitration panel is considering the competing claims, with the focus on the Lomonosov Ridge.

-

-

The rush to claim an undersea mountain range

23rd July 2020

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200722-the-rush-to-claim-an-undersea-mountain-range

-

-

-

Kinematics of the Polar Area of Lomonosov Ridge Bottom in Arctic

16 November 2021

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-76328-2_29

-

-

The Lomonosov Ridge as a natural extension of the Eurasian continental margin into the Arctic Basin

2012

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1068797112002234

-

-

Lomonosov Ridge, One of the most mysterious mountain ranges in the world.

July 26, 2020

https://mountainsmagleb.com/2020/07/26/lomonosov-ridge-one-of-the-most-mysterious-mountain-ranges-in-the-world/

-

A Note on Arctic Oceanography and the Lomonosov Range

Published 1954

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Note-on-Arctic-Oceanography-and-the-Lomonosov-Metcalf/d1da202d9d8c4eb4fccd5e8552997ba0c15c1cfb

-

Morphology and structure of the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean

24 May 2006

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2005GC001114

-

Russia’s Proposed Extended Continental Shelf in the Arctic Ocean: Science Setting the Stage for Law

May 24, 2021

https://asil.org/insights/volume/25/issue/8

-

Denmark stakes claim over North Pole and a large chunk of the Arctic

17 December 2014

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/denmark-stakes-claim-over-north-pole-and-a-large-chunk-of-the-arctic-47870

-

The Arctic Ocean boundary current along the Eurasian slope and the adjacent Lomonosov Ridge: Water mass properties, transports and transformations from moored instruments

2001

https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/the-arctic-ocean-boundary-current-along-the-eurasian-slope-and-th

-

Seabed erosion on the Lomonosov Ridge, central Arctic Ocean: A tale of deep draft icebergs in the Eurasia Basin and the influence of Atlantic water inflow on iceberg motion?

Sep 1, 2004

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/seabed-erosion-on-the-lomonosov-ridge-central-arctic-ocean-a-tale-of-5Cr3n9v0K2

-

Marine sediment core data from the Lomonosov Ridge off Greenland, Arctic Ocean

2019-04-09

https://bolin.su.se/data/?k=Arctic+%22Turborotalita%20quinqueloba%22

-

Topography of the ocean floor

https://www.britannica.com/place/Arctic-Ocean/Topography-of-the-ocean-floor

-

Sediment deformation atop the Lomonosov Ridge, central Arctic Ocean: Evidence for gas-charged sediment mobilization?

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264817222000332

-

Mineralogical evidence of Middle Miocene glacial ice in the central Arctic Ocean sediments

Sep 2009

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ACEX-302-drilling-site-in-Lomonosov-Ridge-Arctic-Ocean-image-reproduced-from-the-GEBCO_fig1_260415384

-

Gas-Geochemical Anomalies of Hydrocarbon Gases in the Bottom Sediments of the Lomonosov Ridge and Podvodnikov Basin of the Arctic Ocean

30 December 2021

-

Morphology and structure of the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean

2006

https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/node/10445

-

Model of the separation of the Marvin Spur from the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean

22 August 2014

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437014040110

-

Mass wasting on the submarine Lomonosov Ridge, central Arctic Ocean*

2007

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322707001107

-

Magmatic and rifting-related features of the Lomonosov Ridge, and relationships to the continent–ocean transition zone in the Amundsen Basin, Arctic Ocean

03 February 2022

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/229/2/1309/6521444?login=false

-

Paleomagnetism of Quaternary sediments from Lomonosov Ridge and Yermak Plateau: implications for age models in the Arctic Ocean

16 January 2012

https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/351179/

-

Pleistocene stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental variation from Lomonosov Ridge sediments, central Arctic Ocean

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818101001102

-

Microbial diversity in Cenozoic sediments recovered from the Lomonosov Ridge in the Central Arctic Basin

02 March 2009

https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01834.x

-

A Mesozoic Ocean In The Arctic: Paleontological Evidence

January 2002

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237466024_A_Mesozoic_Ocean_In_The_Arctic_Paleontological_Evidence

-

-

Samples from Lomonosov Ridge place new constraints on the geological evolution of Arctic Ocean

https://oro.open.ac.uk/55903/

-

Protactinium-231 and Thorium-230 Abundances and High Scavenging Rates in the Western Arctic Ocean

17 Apr 1998

Abstract

The Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, largely ice covered and isolated from deep contact with the more dynamic Eurasian Basin by the Lomonosov Ridge, has historically been considered an area of low productivity and particle flux and sluggish circulation. High-sensitivity mass-spectrometric measurements of the naturally occurring radionuclides protactinium-231 and thorium-230 in the deep Canada Basin and on the adjacent shelf indicate high particle fluxes and scavenging rates in this region. The thorium-232 data suggest that offshore advection of particulate material from the shelves contributes to scavenging of reactive materials in areas of permanent ice cover.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.280.5362.405

-

Heat flow measurements on the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean

04 January 2014

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13131-013-0384-3

-

Flow of Canadian basin deep water in the Western Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean

2010

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063710000300

-

-

Ocean acidification

February 27, 2017

https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2017/february/arctic-acidification/

Elon Musk Just Reported That A Huge Miles Long Object Is Moving On The Ocean Floor!

May 9, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVR0VCRs124

A warm and poorly ventilated deep Arctic Mediterranean during the last glacial period

14 Aug 2015

23-00239459

512974
Paenibacillus wynnii sp. nov., a novel species harbouring the nifH gene, isolated from Alexander Island, Antarctica

2005 Sep

mustang ridge

magic towing 512 243 3741

Alexander Island

-

Iceberg Dust Turns Gigantic Ocean Pastures Green

January 19, 2016

https://russgeorge.net/2016/01/19/iceberg-dust-turns-ocean-pastures-green/

Ice sheets in the Antarctic and Arctic patiently collect wind blown dust over the course of millenia then provides that dust to sustain ocean pastures over months to years once it breaks free and melts as nourishing drifting icebergs.
Giant Antarctic icebergs are now shown to be playing an important role in how much carbon the Oceans absorbs.
To help save this blue planet, become the iceberg or if you prefer, become a piece of winter pack ice, a frozen life-sustaining plankton popsicle.

Giant icebergs from Antarctica and their iceberg dust account for a vast amount of carbon dioxide captured and stored in the Southern Ocean, far more than was previously believed say a paper published this week in the scientific journal Nature Geoscience.

The research from the University of Sheffield’s Department of Geography studied the slow melting of giant icebergs, which contains an accumulation of aeolian, windblown, dust that contains iron and other nutrients vital to ocean pasture health and productivity. As the icebergs, both large and small, drift and melt in the seas around the frozen continent they leave broad green swaths of healthy vigorously growing ocean pasture phytoplankton.

These vital ocean pastures often stretch for 1000 kilometers in length and 200 km across in the Southern Ocean. The iceberg-dust fed ocean pastures from single icebergs cover areas of 200,000 sq. km. or more. These verdant ocean pastures, in turn, sustain the rich ocean ecosystem feeding tiny krill, fish, great whales, and of course penguins.

Even in the world’s least dusty region wind blown dust sustains ocean pastures

The bounty of iceberg dust that sustains these vast and vital ocean pastures has accumulated while the ice from Antarctica has slowly over the course of centuries accumulated a tiny amount of dust every year. Antarctica, while a continent of snow that becomes ice is actually one of the dryest deserts in Earth, has annual snowfall over most of the continent equal to just a few centimeters per year. As for dustfall it is the farthest place on Earth from sources of windblown dust so it’s dustfall is the least of anywhere.

While the rate of accumulation is very slow ice and dust accumulate as time passes slowly but endlessly. The age of the ice in giant icebergs is counted in millennia. Some parts of the Antarctic coastal ice is more than 2 million years old!

The researchers point out that of course these rich iceberg dust fed plankton blooms are responsible, via their photosynthesis, for absorbing enormous amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere that sustains the Southern Ocean ocean pasture ecosystem, feeds all of ocean life, and locks the ‘leftovers’ for millennia into the frigid ocean abyss.

-
Earth currently experiencing a sixth mass extinction, according to scientists | 60 Minutes

Jan 1, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TqhcZsxrPA

-
10 Things You Didn’t Know About Greenland

Jul 21, 2011

https://twistedsifter.com/2011/07/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-greenland/

-

Scientists solve the mystery of green icebergs that are only seen in Antarctica

Mar 06, 2019

https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/scientists-solve-the-mystery-of-green-icebergs-that-are-only-seen-in-antarctica-6207641.html

-

The melting ice of the Arctic (1/2) | DW Documentary

Dec 25, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GystZIxWQ3o

-
The melting ice of the Arctic (2/2) | DW Documentary

Dec 30, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz6xkR4mNlo

-

-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbiTIR8N4Hc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxbq67Odqjs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpQxVkc913A
Joe Rogan Reveals Sudden Discovery Of Ancient Aliens in The Antarctica

The Burckle Crater Mega Tsunami & Global Flood (THE FULL DOCUMENTARY)

Apr 29, 2023
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-dlEz8gNkI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL9IGWt3EBI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B588JHKSlEE
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-secret-history-of-the-supernova-at-the-bottom-of-the-sea?utm_source=pocket-newtab
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqMFtRLKkqM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doU_AvZlRQo
THIS IS LIFE IN ICELAND: The strangest country in the world?

Mar 4, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxxm3Gi8Xyk

https://www.businessnews.com.au/article/Greenland-Minerals-sitting-on-rare-earths-sleeping-giant

Greenland Rejects Huge Rare-Earth Mine in National Elections

April 7, 2021

The Arctic island is a battleground of the future as companies and nations vie to extract its massive deposits of the stuff needed to make F-35 fighter jets, electric cars and smartphones. In a crucial election, Greenlanders voted for a party opposed to the construction of a massive rare-earth mine.

Scientists Discovered How Neanderthals Conquered the Ice Age

Jan 12, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GoboLaTFMs

New Discovery in Iceland Scares Scientists

Feb 2, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Z7PELJszho

--

Risk Takers - 114 - Polar Bear Alert Agent

Dec 17, 2015

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCAurytDrds

-

Flood Geology | Episode 2 | The Great Ice Age | Michael J. Oard

Jun 19, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ekejmQKfNI

-

Deadly Pacific (Full Episode) | Drain the Oceans

Jan 15, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-qO0d6r1f0

-

Spectacular Secrets of the North Sea

Jan 6, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43dHpDpResw

-

How Ancient Floods Have Shaped Our Landscape | Earthshocks: Megaflood | Earth Stories

Apr 9, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3Km-NjcEvM

-

THE SHRINKING HIPPOS OF ANCIENT EUROPE

October 14, 2013

https://passionforfreshideas.com/articles/shrinking-hippos-ancient-europe/

-

Clan of the North (Full Episode) | Kingdom of the Polar Bears

Jun 14, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6_e6yKH26Q

-

Underwater volcano: into the abyss

Apr 15, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djJaZoNvUcs

-

Be a Predator: Polar Bear vs. Leopard Seals | Wild Life Documentary

May 6, 2016

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SB1l6UTS5BE

-

Life With Polar Bears In The Frozen Arctic | Polar Bear Alcatraz | Real Wild

Jan 13, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ChXHRUjVRw

-

Discovering Secret Canada: Rainforests, Volcanoes, And Caves | Uncharted Canada Compilation | TRACKS

Dec 24, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsnjzEkMqe4

Section: Giantism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7925221/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cgGcSEAPmA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUBeiT8WfIA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOajRmbroY0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus#/media/File:Mosasaurus_hoffmannii_-_skeleton.jpg

-

Poles Apart: Arctic and Antarctic Octadecabacter strains Share High Genome Plasticity and a New Type of Xanthorhodopsin

May 6, 2013

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0063422

-
https://www.livescience.com/new-anatarctica-map-climate-change.html
https://www.treehugger.com/giant-foot-penguin-discovered-in-antarctica-4864169
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica
https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/a-missing-link-between-prokayotes-and-complex-cells-identified/
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-14/giant-prehistoric-crocodile-species-identified-in-australia/100207292
http://va.youramys.com/how-big-is-the-worlds-biggest-spider/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnZ_g5oBlsU
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1009173
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1904905
http://va.youramys.com/how-big-is-the-worlds-biggest-spider/
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/giant-antarctic-sea-spiders-breathe-really-strangely
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0114343
https://phys.org/news/2022-07-huge-groups-fin-whales-ocean.html
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0802432105
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304853/
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-022-08305-1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFn7Soe2FG0
https://nau.edu/nau-research/predatory-bacteria/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ115YQCCPk
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6469129/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-009-0607-4
https://imperialbiosciencereview.com/2021/03/26/demystifying-polar-gigantism-the-oxygen-temperature-hypothesis/
https://www.livescience.com/biggest-freshwater-fish-stingray
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osbPrUfgzvQ
https://www.microsoftnewskids.com/en-us/kids/animals/why-this-newly-identified-polar-bear-subpopulation-is-so-special/ar-AAYZg5k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEhOZJ55Ve8
-
https://polarbearfacts.net/polar-bear-is-the-largest-carnivorous-mammal/
https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/pets/polar-bears-the-largest-land-carnivores/ar-AAMHEuk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LrcTa0dDmw
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm3751
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H76VNjmKVJg
https://www.islandssounder.com/news/dwyer-to-discuss-polar-gigantism-in-antarctic-sea-spiders/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22623187/
http://www.extremescience.com/giant-jellyfish.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OqUjXEqUtc
https://phys.org/news/2012-11-paleopathologist-gigantism-century-roman-skeleton.html
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2022578118
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0710978105
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wr0_Xn0eHQ
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26443258
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12152
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/pituitary-gigantism-with-intracerebral-metastases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYCW7DI8vn4
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sponsored/how-precision-medicine-in-neuropsychiatry-will-end-one-size-fits-all-approaches-180980071/?no-cache
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc69gY-26W4
https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2014/12/04/Duplication-of-gene-on-X-chromosome-causes-gigantism/9681417728122/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210415114108.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23149111_Acromegaly_and_gigantism_in_the_medical_literature_Case_descriptions_in_the_era_before_and_the_early_years_after_the_initial_publication_of_Pierre_Marie_1886
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408028
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925446-treatment
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1135260
https://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/05/14/amphiumas-are-amazing
https://www.livescience.com/56518-gigantism-in-ireland-traced-to-ancient-gene.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePHsEDnlDi0
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-researchers-link-chromosome-region-gigantism
https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/08/28/an-egyptian-pharaoh-from-the-third-dynasty-may-be-the-oldest-known-human-with-a-case-of-gigantism/?firefox=1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qJ8BjLRJM4
-
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23307306/
https://scitechdaily.com/island-gigantism-and-dwarfism-evolutionary-island-rule-confirmed/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNQ1wroGzAY
https://weather.com/science/news/what-polar-gigantism-exactly-what-it-sounds-20140422
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-018-0114-1
https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2014/12/04/Duplication-of-gene-on-X-chromosome-causes-gigantism/9681417728122/
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424606v1
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cerebral-gigantism-(Sotos-syndrome)-with-juvenile-Ferrier-Meuron/825e7245c6bf2d073ed810a617525e86ba1ed0e5
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6506/index
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538261/
https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-07-10/new-giant-dinosaur-fossil-discovery-argentina-jurassic-triassic/9950110
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKD33KMfZO4
https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/gigantism
https://www.accessscience.com/content/dwarfism-and-gigantism/207150

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/97/12/4302/2536330?login=false

https://www.seeker.com/the-land-of-giants-2050423553.html
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-10489505/Nature-Giant-SPONGE-gardens-discovered-extinct-underwater-volcanoes-Arctic-deep-sea.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714876/
https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/12/us/sahara-desert-sea-creatures-catfish-large-scn-trnd/index.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712620/
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6506/gigantism
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Comparative+Oxygen+Consumption+of+Gastropod+Holobionts+from+Deep-Sea...-a0562868503

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-there-any-evolutionary/
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27957391
https://casereports.bmj.com/content/12/5/e229464

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.2085
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23307306

-
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/12/sahara-was-home-to-some-of-largest-sea-creatures-study-finds
https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/26398/20200709/vatican-hiding-truth-existence-giant-humans.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItWq4mO60-8

https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/the-conditions-of-gigantism-and-pituitary-dwarfism-are-extreme-opposite-conditions-of-adult-height.-/d924d5f2-483e-448a-96f7-f5da9363ac43

https://www.yourtango.com/2017300936/why-tall-people-more-likely-die-young

https://www.zmescience.com/science/biology/deep-sea-giant-creature/

https://newatlas.com/environment/supergiant-isopod-new-species/
https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/why-are-there-so-many-giants-in-the-deep-sea/ar-AAX2Et2

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28989783/

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0124

https://strangesounds.org/2019/08/fukushima-gigantism-real-deep-sea-monsters.html

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01545.x

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012336823275
https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/60/6/1438/5861538?login=false
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6401483/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/gigantism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905378/
https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/6401483
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207454.2022.2082967

-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea_gigantism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_gigantism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_size
https://phys.org/news/2022-06-reveals-deep-sea-crustacean-genome.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_creature

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/215/12/1995/10788/Why-might-they-be-giants-Towards-an-understanding

https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2011/05/deep-sea-gigantism-curious-cases-of-mystery-giant-eels/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30837339/

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/17/3/377/2717154?login=false

https://www.popsci.com/story/science/animals-adaptations-to-climate-change-and-increased-heat/

https://www.realmofhistory.com/2017/08/07/ancient-egyptian-pharaoh-oldest-giant/

-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131102095546.htm

https://thehorsesback.com/dwarfism-in-horses/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28961939/
https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/entities/publication/c8fa2b56-90d7-4eca-9a4b-f2094b5e043e

https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-improve-growth-children-most-common-form-dwarfism
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48580041
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190618102710.htm

https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/health-science/article/2001374270/medical-interventions-to-manage-dwarfism-boost-victims-development
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-pathology-dwarfism-treatment.html
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28697878/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/pituitary-dwarfism
https://www.hillspet.com/dog-care/healthcare/understanding-dwarfism-in-dogs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_dwarfism
https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.14229
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-dwarf-and-midget/

https://phys.org/news/2021-06-marine-scale-worm-species-evidence.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism_in_chickens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_dwarfism
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-23/biomarin-s-dwarfism-medicine-marks-growth-of-400-000-rare-disease-drugs
https://www.livescience.com/why-deep-sea-animals-are-giants

https://www.ranker.com/list/abyssal-gigantism/colleen-conroy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/15/6/745/2719033?login=false
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/cruel-medical-experiments-on-slaves-were-widespread-in-the-a
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.274.5295.2082
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miracle-flights-helps-siblings-with-dwarfism-reach-life-changing-medical-care-far-from-home-301155762.html

https://pjms.org.pk/index.php/pjms/article/view/5502

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crid/2017/5849173/

https://pets.thenest.com/feline-dwarfism-11803.html

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.12448
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gene-insertion-underlies-origin-dogs-short-legs

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0813038106
https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/dwarfism-discovered-in-the-worlds-tallest-animal-giraffes-stunted-by-a-bone-growth-disorder-can-be-half-the-average-16-ft-height-/articleshow/80301571.cms
https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/09/health/unethical-experiments/index.html

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8012697/Nazi-Josef-Mengeles-choice-specimen-12-year-old-boys-head-planned-dissect-lab.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/330060a0

https://jmg.bmj.com/content/37/12/956

https://jmg.bmj.com/content/38/4/262

https://www.newsweek.com/washington-state-bill-looks-finally-ban-dwarf-tossing-bars-and-strip-clubs-1304827

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.96.13.7575

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090023317301119
https://nypost.com/2020/09/28/there-may-be-a-cure-for-dwarfism-but-some-call-it-unethical/

https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-genetic-disorders-are-inherited-2860737
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/does-dwarfism-occur-in-animals.html
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2016/im-xy-know-sex-determination-systems-101/
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896258v3

https://www.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/inheriting-dwarfism

https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2021/10/28/brother-and-sister-with-dwarfism-work-to-debunk-misconceptions-about-their-genetic-condition-

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0617
https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/154/4/1476/2423447?login=false

https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/endocrinology-and-metabolism/endocrine-disorders

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28697878

https://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2009/07/16/the-copied-gene-that-gave-dachshunds-and-corgis-their-short
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1433

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRKiLk4PdQA

https://www.businessinsider.com/laron-syndrom-anti-aging-ecuador-fasting-mimicking-diet-2016-8?op=1

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13258-017-0525-8
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-hominid-species-homo-luzonensis-philippines

https://vittana.org/12-pros-and-cons-of-gene-therapy
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/racial-bias-race-us-patient-medical-notes-chart-records

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-014-1443-3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s_rule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondroplasia
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/connective-tissue-disorders-in-children/osteochondrodysplasias-osteochondrodysplastic-dwarfism

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.274.5295.2082
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566260/
https://news.usc.edu/71654/2014-usc-weird-science/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUoTeob18QY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4_nK9STouE
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-horizontal-nystagmus-and-vertical-nystagmus/